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arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms caused by problems with conduction system
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flutter
rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
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fibrilation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart
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congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
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coarction of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta
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patent ductus arteriosus
passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open (patent) after birth
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septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria or ventricles
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tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects;
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood; systolic-LV dysfunction, diastolic-cannot fill correctly
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart; usually the result of atherosclerosis
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coronary artery bypass grafting (surgery) (CABG)
replace clogged vessels with vessels from arm or leg
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endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
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hypertensive heart disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
improper closure of the mitral valve
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murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
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pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
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rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
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aneurysm
local widening of an arterial wall
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in lower limb; may result in embolism
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hypertension (HTN)
high blood pressure
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peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
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Raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
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varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually ocurring in the legs
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echocardiography (ECHO)
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
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Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
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cardiac catherization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
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electrocardiography (ECG)
recording of electricity flowing through the heart
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Holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
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stress test
exercise tolerance test determines the heart's response to physical exertion
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