Pathology III exam 1

an impaired maturation of cartilage in the developing growth plate that affects all bones formed from cartilage and is a major cause of dwarfism

Shortening of PROXIMAL extremities, bowing of legs, and LORDOSIS.

Achondroplasia

A mutation in the FGF receptor 3, which suppresses cartilage growth

Thanatophoric dwarfism

shortening of the limbs, frontal bossing, macrocephaly, small chest cavity, bell shaped abdomen

respiratory depression (occurs near birth)

Type 1 collagen

OI

Osteopetrosis

Osteopetrosis

An impaired formation of function of the osteoclasts that leads to decreased bone resorption

• diffuse symmetric skeletal sclerosis
• many fx
• bones lacking a medullary canal
• Ends of long bones are bulbous and misshapen

• Severe infantile malignant: evident in utero or soon after birth
• Mild autosomal dominant benign form: adolescence or adulthood

Osteomalacia-rickets

Hyperparathyroidism

staph, e coli, klebsiella, proteus

salmonella

H flu

pseudomonas

Presentation of extrapulmonary TB that most commonly occurs in the vertebral bodies.

Acute osteomyelitis, neutrophilic inflammation

abscess surrounded by sclerotic bone found in chronic osteomyelitis

55+

England, Australia, , N. Europe

L-S spine, pelvis, femur, skull

Possible viral etiology

Osteosarcomas

marrow replaced by CT with osteoclasts

bone resportion and bone formation

irregular bone deposition causing a mosaic pattern. Bone is abnormal.

40-50

flat bones of skull and face, may protrude into the sinuses

Osteomas

Are not malignant, primarily cause cosmetic defects

10-30 yo

femur, tibia in metaphysis

Osteoid osteoma

An osteoblastoma is painless, while an osteoid is painful

Osteosarcomas

10-25, second peak after 40 yeras do to Pagets

An elevation of periosteum seen in osteosarcomas

lung

• Pagets (>50)
• Radiation, chemo
• Trauma does not cause but brings it to attention

10-20

Epiphyseal: distal femur, proximal humerus

young adults

long bones, small bones of feet

30-60 yo

in the bM of elbows, ribs, shoulder

FEMALES more than male, 20-30 yo

Metaphyseal-epiphyseal junction in the ends of bones (lower femur, upper tibia, lower radius)

5-20yo

long bones, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae

t(11;22)

The medullary cavity but may involve the entire long bone

small blue cell tumors with very dense cellular portion of tissue. cells look monomorphic, with some wrinkling in them.

40-50yo

• Vertebral bodies, discs, sacrum
• Splenooccipital area in children

plasma cell myeloma

chondromas and soft tissue hemangiomas

unilateral chondromas and ovarian tumors

osteoid osteomas

• Early: Joint, muscle pain, meningitis, cardiac arrhythmias
• Late: damage to large joints and encephalitis

urate crystals

X linked disorder involving structural protein dystrophin

Beckers' clinical manifestations are less severe, and sx progress more slowly. Dystrophin is present but in abnl form. (in Duchenne's it was missing)

it is an autoimmune disorder where there are Abs to acetylcholine receptors; often displaying thymic hyperplasia or thymomas

lipoma

malignant fibrous histiocytoma

malignant fibrous histiocytoma

rhabdomyosarcoma

embryonal

A cross between a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor, and a malignant fibrous histiocytoma

dermis and subcutanous tissue

fibroblastic cells in a storiform pattern

A malignant tumor located in the DEEP tissues of the thigh, knee, and trunk, that may grow slowly over yeras and met to the lungs

spindle shaped cells that are very cellular with few mitotic figures present

interlacing spindle cells

It has a biphasic pattern with an epithelial component and spindle cell component (glandular structures surrounded by spindle shaped cells)

A painful, reactive fibroblastic proliferation found in young adults that is composed of plump, immature fibroblastic cells

A soft tissue tumor in the subcutaneous tissue of adults that is slowly growing and composed of a soft yellow mass of mature adipose tissue

A malignant tumor of ofadipocytes that peaks in the 5th to 6th decades, and is found in DEEP soft tissue or verisceral sites of the LE and abdomen.

A rare bone tumor found in the tibia, femur, ulna, and fibula characterized by a poorly defined lytic lesion with sclerosis outline lucent areas and spindle cells surrounding basaloid cells

it's a low grade malignancy with local recurrences but rarely mets

hemangiomas, and they are common in the skull, vertebrae, and jaw

Common in Scandinavian countries, uncommon in Japan and certain Asian countries

in the outer or peripheral glands

adenocarcinomas until proven otherwise

early

• They lie back to back with little to no intervening stroma
• conspicuous nucleoli
• absent basal layer

• Based on architecture, glandular differentiation and nuclear features
• Take the best architectual feature and worst architectual feature and add them (after grading them).
• Gleasons of 6 are relatively common

osteoBLASTic

• hyperplasia, prostatitis, or carcinoma
• sex, ejaculation, DRE

2.5

True

non seminomatous germ cell

false

Yolk sac tumors

Seminoma

Large soft great white tumors

elevated HCG

teratomas (mostly)

Acute: neutrophil, chronic=lymphocytic

chronic prostatitis

None

Decreased proliferation of chondrocytes in the growth plate

Affects in utero (severe) or mildly affects children who lead nl lives into adulthood

Autosomal dominant and autosomall fecessive

neural foramina are small and compress nerves

Deposited bone is not remodeled, and is woven into the architecture

severe infantile malignant osteopetrosis

anemia, hydrocephaly, fx

will pop up in adolescence or adulthood due to repeated fx, some anemia and CN deficits if the foramina are narrowed

increases bone loss and decreases bone synthesis

VDR

Brown tumor

Osteomyelitis

they are usually asx

serum alk phos

leads to hypervascular bone lesions, characterized by warm skin and increased CO (which can lead to CHF)

it enlarges it, leading to HA, visual disturbances, and deafness

transverse fx of the long bones

Osteoid Osteoma and osteoblastomas

Osteosarcomas

via the blood

osteochondromas

opposite direction of the joint

osteochondromas

Osteoid osteomas and multiple osteochondromas

chicken wire pattern (immature cartilage)

osteolytic lesions with areas of calcification and two or more nuclei per cell

Giant cell tumors

lungs, bones, CNS, LN

malignant, destroy bone

phsalifersous cells (large tumor cells with bubbly cytoplasm);

chordomas

fibrous dysplasia

breast, lung, prostate

axial skelton 70%, extremities 30%

Uric acid crystals may obstruct renal tubules

myofibers appear angular and atrophic, and increased activit of some enzymes

Beckers

20s usually due to respiratory problems

hematogenously to the lungs

fibrous histiocytoma

grape like masses

sarcoma botyroides

uterus

malignant, seen in uterus and GIT

mesenchymal cells around joint cavities, NOT synovial cells

t(x, 18)