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- A. Long bone (humerus)
- B. Irregular bone (vertebra)
- C. Flat bone (sternum)
- D. Short bone (talus)
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Stages of intramembranous ossification (up to week 8)
- A. Ossification center appears in fibrous connective tissue
- B. Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane
- C. Woven bone and periosteum form
- D. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, and red marrow appears
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Endochondral ossification (week 9 thru adolescence)
- A. Bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage model
- B. Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities
- C. Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form
- D. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms; secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
- E. Epiphyses ossify; hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
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Label the stages of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate.
- A. Proliferation (growth) zone - cartilage cells undergo mitosis
- B. Hypertrophic zone - Older cartilage cells enlarge
- C. Calcification zone - Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells dies; matrix starts deteriorating
- D. Ossification (osteogenic) zone - New bone formation
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Long bone remodeling areas
- A. Bone added by appositional growth
- B. Bone absorbed
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- A. Thyroid gland
- B. Parathyroid glands
- C. Release of parathyroid hormone
- D. Osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and release of Ca2+ into blood
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- A. Hematoma forms
- B. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- C. Bony callus forms
- D. Bone remodeling occurs
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- A. Squamous region
- B. Zygomatic process
- C. Mandibular fossa
- D. External acoustic meatus
- E. Mastoid process
- F. Styloid process
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- A. Olfactory foramina
- B. Crista galli
- C. Cribriform plate
- D. Perpendicular plate
- E. Ethmoid sinuses
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- A. Frontal sinus
- B. Ethmoidal air cells
- C. Sphenoid sinus
- D. Maxillary sinus
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- A. Pedicle
- B. Transverse process
- C. Lamina
- D. Spinous process
- E. Body
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- A. Sacral canal
- B. Body
- C. Sacral foramina
- D. Coccyx
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- A. True ribs
- B. False ribs
- C. Floating ribs
- D. Xiphoid process
- E. Costal cartilage
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- A. Transverse costal facet
- B. Superior costal facet
- C. Head of rib
- D. Neck of rib
- E. Shaft
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- A. Anterior fontanel
- B. Posterior fontanel, superior view
- C. Posterior fontanel, lateral view
- D. Mastoid fontanel
- E. Sphenoidal fontanel
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- A. Ligament
- B. Joint cavity
- C. Articular cartilage
- D. Fibrous capsule
- E. Synovial membrane
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Friction-reducing structures associated with synovial joints
- A. Subacromial bursa
- B. Tendon sheath
- C. Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- D. Synovial membrane
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- A. Flexion
- B. Extension
- C. Hyperextension
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- A. Abduction
- B. Adduction
- C. Circumduction
- D. Rotation
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- A. Plane joint
- B. Hinge joint
- C. Pivot joint
- D. Condyloid joint
- E. Saddle joint
- F. Ball-and-socket joint
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