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Folic Acid
- Involved in methionine and purine synthesis
- Deficiency causes neural tube defects and megaloblastic anemia
- Can mask B12 deficiency, if administered at high levels
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B12/cobalamin
- Coenzyme for homocysteine--> methionine and methylmalonyl CoA --> acetyl CoA
- Deficiency causes pernicious anemia, dementia, and spinal degeneration
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C/ascorbic acid
- Antioxidant, coenzyme for collagen synthesis, facilitates Fe absorption
- Deficient in scurvy (poor wound healing, loose teeth, sore gums, increased bleeding time)
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B6/pyridoxine
- Important coenzyme in AA metabolism
- Needed for heme synthesis, deficient in sideroblastic anemia
- Deficiency causes glossitis, and can be induced by isoniazid and alcohol abuse
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B1/thiamine
- Deficiency causes beriberi (tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions) and Wernicke-Korsakoff (apathy, memory loss, ophthalmoplegia, seen in alcoholics)
- Dry beriberi--polyneuritis and muscle wasting
- Wet beriberi--high output cardiac failure
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Niacin/nicotinic acid
- Active form is NAD+ and NADP+, derived from tryptophan
- Deficient in pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia) and Hartnup disease (impaired renal tryptophan reabsorption)
- Used to treat hyperlipidemia (lowers triglycerides)
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B2/riboflavin
- Active form is FAD
- Deficiency causes dermatitis, stomatitis, and magenta tongue
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Biotin
- Important in carboxylation reactions
- Deficiency in excessive ingestion of raw eggs
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Pantothenic acid
Active form is coenzyme A
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Vitamin A/retinoic acid/B-carotene
- Important for reproductive function, vision, growth, and maintenance of epithelial tissue
- Deficiency causes infertility, night blindness, growth retardation, and xerophthalmia
- Teratogenic
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Vitamin D
- Important in Ca uptake
- Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia
- Babies need to be given vitamin D supplements
- Excess seen in sarcoidosis
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Vitamin K
- Carboxylates gluatmate residues in liver to form clotting factors
- Deficiency causes increased PT and PTT, but normal bleeding time
- Produced by intestinal bacteria
- Newborns are given IM vitamin K
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Vitamin E/tocopherol
- Antioxidant
- Deficiency (rare) can cause hemolytic anemia
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