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.2 to 2 microns diameter 2 - 8 microns long
prokaryotes
contain no histone proteins associated with dna
prokaryotes
divide by binary fission
prokaryotes
have multiple linear chromosones
eukaryotes
cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
eukaryotes
divide by mitosis and meiosis
eukaryotes
sphere shaped
coccus
rod shaped
bacillus
very short rod shaped
coccobacillus
banana shaped
vibrio
spiral shaped and rigid
spirillium
spiral shaped and flexible
spirochete
form when bacteria divide in one plane only
chains
form when bacteria division occurs in two planes
tetrads
form when bacteria division is in three planes
cube
form when bacteria from irregular division
grape like
things found inside a cell (such as food)
inclusions
carbohydrate outer protective layer
capsule
in bacteria it is peptidoglycan
cell wall
cell membrane of a bacteria
plasma membrane
attatchment structures of bacterium
fimbriae
movement structure of bacterium
flagella
protein factories within bacteria
ribosomes
liquid interior of cell
cytoplasm
region where DNA hangs out within a cell of bacterium
nuclear area
spot where membrane and dna connect within bacterium is called
origin of replication aka ORI
extra piece of DNA; not part of the main chromosome. useful but non critical genes
plasmid
transfer tube which allow movement of DNA from one bacterium to another- horizontal evolution
pilus
protective slime coating secreted by the cell
glycocalyx
process of passing genes from one cell to another which that cell did not originally have
conjugating
single flegellum located at the end
monotrichous
multiple flegella located at one end
lophitrichous
flegella located at both ends
amphitrichous
flegella scattered over entire surface
peritrichous
set of two or four proteins anchoring the flegellum to the cell membrane
basal body
# of proteins connecting the basal body for the flegellum in gram +
2
# of proteins connecting the basal body for the flegellum in gram -
4
bacterium identified by flagella ex
E. coli 0157: H7
sometimes called endoflagella, create contractions for mvmt
axial filaments
mvmt toward favorable chemicals such as nutrients or away from harmful chemicals
chemotaxis
mvmt toward stronger concetration of stimulus
chemical gradient
mvmt toward or away from light
phototaxis
composed of a network of repeating sugar molecules and proteins called peptidoglycans
bacterial cell wall
two sugars involved in the structure of the cell wall
NAM and NAG
has a thick layer of peptidoglycan with thin plasma membrane
gram positive
thin layer of peptidoglycan in between two layers of plasma membrane
gram negative
outer membrane of g -
composed of:
phospholipid bilayer
lipopolysaccharides
lipoproteins
an endotoxin causing fever and shock
lipid- A
create the structure of a plasma membrane
two layers of phospholipids
protein that extends through both sides of the phospholipid bilayer
integral protein
protein that is only exposed to one surface of the phospholipid bilayer
peripheral protein
equal solute concentration to cell interior
isotonic
causes water mvmt in or out of a cell
osmotic pressure
filtration based on
charge, size, and shape of molecule
protein mediated. molecules that are needed inside the cell can be transported againstthe concentration gradient
active transport
molecules are chemically altered during trip across the membranein a way that keeps it inside the cell
group translocation
made of rRNA and protein and are the protein factories of the cell in bacteria
ribosomes
inorganic phosphate store. stain red in the presence of methylene blue
metachromatic granules, typical of Cornybacterium diptheriae
can utilize sulfur as an energy source
Thiobacilus
present in bacteria that can use CO2 and photosynthesis to produce energy
carboxysomes
bubbles help maintain a particular depth so the organism has access to light and nurtrients
gas vacuoles
magnetic clusters of iron oxide to protect from hydrogen peroxide
magnetosomes
resting state formed by some bacteria during enviromental stress
endospores
process of forming spores
sporultion
spore returning to the vegetative state
germination
help stabalize the membrane and prevent it from rupturing
sterols
bags of protective enzymes
peroxisome
energy producing structures
mitochondria
store cellular products (proteins and lipids)
golgi complex
endoskeleton of cell
microfilaments and microtubules
makes ribosomal RNA
nucleuolus
present in plants, algae, and fungi (NOT animals)
cell wall
composition of cell wall in yeast
polysaccharides
-chitin
-glucan
-mannan
ribosomal subunits in
eukaryotes
80s
two phospholipid bilayers make up
nuclear membrane
folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria to increase SA
cristae
has a double phospholipid bilayer but is not organelle
nuclues
have their own DNA and ribosome (70s)
Mitochondria
bacteria structures moved into us and now are a part of us
endosymbiotic theory
have their own DNA and 70s ribosome
replicate by binary fission
chloroplasts
protein part of an enzyme is called
apoenzyme
non protein component is the
co-factor
a high temperature that causes enzyme to perform at a limited level
denatured
start krebs with
acetyl coa
step one of krebs
citric acid
transforms from succinyl coa yielding one ATP
succenic acid
only step to yield FADH2
step 6
one cycle of krebs yields # NADH
3
FADH2 produced in one cycle of krebs
1
Author
hoving22
ID
90781
Card Set
Test two
Description
Chapters 4-5
Updated
2011-06-20T01:19:23Z
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