Unit 3

muscle that functions in pumping blood through vessels of the cardiovascular system

• posterior
• anterior
• horizontally

• anteriorly: sternum
• posteriorly: thoracic vertebrae
• laterally: ribs, intercostal muscles, lungs
• pericardium: touch connective tissue sac that encloses the heart

• -sac that encloses the heart
• -outer layer blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm inferiorly
• -superiorly and posteriorly, the fibrous layer blends with the major blood vessels of the heart: SVC, aorta, and pulmonary trunk
• - myocardium: cardiac muscle

lying adjacent to the sternum and costal cartilages

adjacent to the diaphragm

adjacent to the medial surface of the left and right lung

rounded projection of the heart that points inferiorly and to the left

generally the area where the great vessels attach to the heart

• pulmonary trunk
• aorta
• superior vena cava

both the right and left atria have ear-like appendages attached to the lateral surface of the atria

• - a vertical muscular ridge is seen on the posterior wall of the RA: crista terminalis
• - from the crista terminalis are muscular ridge-like extensions called musculi pectinati or pectinate muscles (these are found in the RA and then right and left auricle
• - 3 openings: SVC, IVC, opening of the coronary sinus

main veing returning blood from the upper half of the body

main veing returning blood from the lower half of the body

venous chamber located on the posterior surface of the heart; recieves the veins that drain the heart itself; opens into the RA just anterior and superior to the IVC

partition between the RA and LA

on this septum in the RA lies an oval depression: fossa ovalis; this is a remnant of a foramen that in the fetal stage of development existed between the RA and LA; opening is called foramen ovale: it closes at birth and remains in the adult as a fossa ovalis

• right atrioventricular
• RA - RV

functions in closing during the contraction of the RV; when it is closed it will precent backflow of blood from the RV to the RA

the valve is held in a closed position via the chordae tenineae that are attached to the lower surface of the cusps and are thus not everted into the atrium

mechanical device that will allow for flow of blood in 1 direction only, thus precenting retrograde flow

tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)

• 3 cusps: flaps of connective tissue
• chordae tendineae: connective tissue cords that attach to the lower surface of the cusps
• papillary muscle: internal folds of ventricular muscle that give attachment to the chordae tendineae

• - internal surface of the ventricle consists of irregular ridge-like projections of muscle called trabeculae carneae
• - moderator band contains important fibers of the conduction system of the heart
• - openings: tricuspid valve and the pulmonary trunk: blood will leave the LV and enter the pulmonary trunk through the pumonary semilunar valve

exits merely as pocket-like flaps surrounding an opening

3 flaps or cusps: free edge of each cusp has a small central thickening of fibrous tissue called the nodule

Blood will flow through the pulmonary trunk into the R and L pulmonary arteries, to the R and L lungs

In the lungs, blood will give off CO2 and receive O2

oxygenated blood will return to the heart via 4 pulmonary veins which enter the LA

musculi pectinati is located only in the left auricle

main part is taken up by the 4 openings of the veins.

only other opening is the biscuspid or mitral valve

left atrioventricular; mitral

papillary muscles and chordae tenineae

contains 2 cusps

Major difference between the RV and LV is that the LV is usually twice as thick as the RV. This is because the RV must pump blood to 1 organ (lungs) whereas the LV pumps blood to all the other organs

LV - Aorta

3 cusps

structures that carry blood from the heart to the organs of the body and back to the heart again

the space within the blood vessel

vessel that carries blood away from the heart; artery walls are composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers that allow for extension of the vessels and the carrying of a pulse

small arteries that arise via branching of large arteries

connections between arterioles and venules

oxygen and nutrients pass from the blood into the tissues and where carbon dioxide and waste materials pass from the tissues into the blood

small veins formed by the junction of a number of capillaries

formed by tributaries and carry blood back to the heart

have a thinner wall that the corresponding artery

contain valves that allow for the flow of blood in only 1 direction

blood moves past these valves via the contraction of surrounding muscles

pick up the excess fluid and differ from blood capillaries in that they are enothelial tubes that begin blindly

excess fluid = lymph

blood capillary - lymphatic capillary - afferent vessel - lymph node - efferent vessel - vein

groin (inguinal region), neck, axilla

drains the right half of the head, neck, chest, and upper right limb

drains the rest of the body

passing the lateral border of rib 1

the ophthalmic artery is blocked

passing inferior border of teres major

supplies lower limb

supplies urinary bladder and pelvis

supplies pelvis and lower limb

supplies end of large intestine

supplies ovaries and testes

supplies kidneys

supplies pancreas, duodenum, small intersting, and a majority of large intestine

supplies liver, stomach, gall bladder, and duodenum

supplies spleen, stomach, and pancreas

supplies stomach and esophagus

• splenic
• left gastric
• common hepatic

it passed the inguinal ligament

when it passes the imaginary line between the medial and lateral malleous

supplies the foot

drains into femoral vein

drains into popiteal vein

goes to liver

only blood from abdominal structures

system concerned with gas transport and exchange

concerned with the movement of gases from the outer environment through the respiratory tubes to the lungs

concerned with the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the air sacs of the lungs

• nasal vaity (oral cavity)
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

• - cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from the larynx above to the point at which is bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi below
• - windpipe by laymen
• - 15 cm in length in vivo
• - composed of a series of 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage so that each one almost encircles the lumen
• - anterior to the esophagus

trachea terminates by bifurcating into 2 primary bronchi (R and L primary bronchus)

• - wider, shorter and straighter than the left
• - 2.5 cm
• - enters the right lung at the hilus of the right lung and divides into 3 secondary bronchi, 1 for each lobe

smaller in caliber but twice as long as the right (5 cm)

• - makes more of an acute angle with the trachea: objects falling through would most likely lodge in the right primary bronchus since it is more in line with the trachea than the right
• - enters through the hilus and divides into 2 secondary bronchi, 1 for each lobe

tertiary bronchi then bronchioles

Bronchiloes are much smaller and more numerous

bronchioles do not require cartilage in their walls to keep them from collapsing on inspiratory movements because they are inside the substance of the lung which itself is expanded during inspiratory movements

repiratory bronchioles

long thin-walled tubes of connective tissue and smooth muscle

respiratory bronchioles divide into 2-11

no more cartilage or smooth muscle

thin layer of epithelium; presences of numerous capillaries adjacent to them

• R and L
• Apex: rounder superior end of the lung

Costal Surface: adjacent to the thoracic wall

Diaphragmatic Surface (Base): part of the lung adjacent to the upper surface of the diaphragm; concave

Medial Surface: adjacent to the heart and other thoracic organs

hilus

where all of the structure that enter of leave the lung

branch of the pulmonary trunk that will bring deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

will carry oxygenated blood from teh lung back to the heart

branch of the trachea

serve as a passageway for air

Oblique and transverse

Left lung only has the oblique fissure

upper, middle (R), and lower

system of the body concerned with the breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients

• GI tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Alimentary canal
• Digestive tract

large, highly folded, serious membrane located in the abdomen

extends from the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon, forming a fatty apron over the small intestines

supports and suspends the jenunum and ileum

mouth

contains tongue, teeth, and openings of the salivary glands

skeletal muscular organ which functions in the sense of taste, mastication, and the movement of food

32 in the adult: 4 types ( incisors, canines, premolars, and molars)

there are 2 pairs of salivary glands called the parotid, submandubilar, and sublinguinal glands

all exocrine glands since they are drained by a duct

• - composed of skeletal muscle
• - functions in swallowing
• - nasopharynx posterior to the nasal cavity
• - oropharynx posterior to the oral cavity
• - laryngopharynx posterior to the larynx; continuous with the espohagus; hypopharynx

• - 30 cm muscular tube extending from the lower end of the pharynx above to the cardiac opening to the stomahc below
• - cervical: in the neck where it lies posterior to the trachea
• - thoracic: in the thorax where it lies posterior to the trachea in the upper half and posterior to the heart in the lower half of the thorax
• - Abdominal: after piercing the diaphragm at the esophageal opening of the diaphragm, it senters the abdomen; runs a very short course in the abdomen and terminates by joing the stomach

responsible for the storage of food

3 parts: fundus, pyloric, and body

2 curvatures: greater and lesser

2 openings: cardiac and pyloric

part of the stomach above the level of entrance of the esophagus

part of the stomach located between the fundus and pyloric part; comprises the main mass of the stomach

extends towar the right form the lower part of the body of the stomach; ends at the pyloric opening which is surrounded by a circular smooth muscle: pyloric sphincter

name given to the margin of the stomach that courses over the fundus and inferiorly on the left side of the stomach to the inferior side of the pyloris

convex curve

name given to the margin that is located on the right side of the stomach

concave curve

opening between the cavity of the esophagus and the cavity of the stomach; located at the upper junction of the greater and lesser curvatures; called cardiac because of its close relationship with the part of the diaphragm upon which the heart rests

opening between the stomach and the first part of the duodenum; surrounded by a circular smooth muscle called the pyloric sphincter

folds on the internal surface of the stomach

between the pyloric sphincter and the iliocecal junction

• - 7 meters
• - diameter gradually diminishes through its length
• - duodeum: first part; C-shaped organ with its concave medial border receiving the openings of ducts draining the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
• - jejunum: proximal 2/5's of the remainder of the small intesting
• - ileum: distal 3/5's of the remainder of the small intesting

junction of the ileum portion of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

Colon

• - cecum: the part that lies at and below the level of entrance of the ileum
• - appendix: lymphatic organ attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum
• - Ascending Colon: protion that extends superiorly from the right side of the posterior abdominal wall to the liver; it bends at the liver forming the right colic or hepatic flexure and courses to the left
• - Transverse Colon: portion that extends from the right colic flexure on the right side of the abdomen to the spleen on the left side; bends and courses inferiorly at the spleen fomring the left colic or splenic flexure
• - Descending Colon: portion that extends from the left colic flexure inferiorly along the left side of the posterior abdominal wall
• - Sigmoid Colon: part that extends from the descending colon to the pelvis where it is continuous with the rectum; forms a loop, the shape and position of which depend on the degree of filling

portion of the digestive system between the sigmoid colon and the anus; narrows inferiorly forming the anal canal

sphincteric muscle located at the termination of the anal canal, which functions in the retention of feces

exocrine gland that produces a substance called bile, which is converyed via hepatic ducts to the duodeum

4 lobes: right, left, quadrate, caudate

structures that enter and exit the liver do so at the porta hepatis, at the junction of the 4 lobes (the heptic veins do not exit here): R and L hepatic arteries, portal vein, and left hepatic ducts

located on the visceral surface of the liver between the right and quadrate lobe

bile is stored and concentrated here

endocrine and exocrine gland

• endo: produces insulin
• exo: produces digestive enzymes that pass via a duct to the duodeum

• - head: located int he concavity of the duodeum
• - body: courses from the head toward the left across the vertebrae
• - tail: left end of the gland which approximates the spleen

right hepatic duct drains the right half of the liver and the left hepatic duct drains the left half

these join to form the common hepatic duct

gallbladder is drained by the cystic duct

cystic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form the bile duct which drains into the duodeum

system responsible for the production and elimination of urine

• Kidneys: urine production
• Ureter: conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
• Urinary Bladder: functions in the storage of urine
• Urethra: conveys urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

bean-shaped organ that is situated in the posterior portion of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column

• - lateral border is convex
• - medial border is concave and present a point at which all the structures that enter or leave the kidney will pass: hilus: entrance to renal sinus
• - upper and lower end of the kidney are referred to as the superior and inferior pole: suprarenal gland lies on the superior pole
• - cortex lies at the periphery and the medulla lies internal to this: medulla contains medullary pyramids

• - muscular tube that conveys urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
• - 2 ureters; 1 draining each kidney
• - about 25 cm long
• - descend along the posterior abdominal wall toward the bladder
• - will open into the cavity of the urinary bladder

• - musculomembranous sac which acts as a resvoir for the urine
• - located in the pelvis, resting upon the pubis
• - urinary bladder is drained by the urethra

fibromuscular tube that extends from the internal urethral orifice to the outside of the body

• Testes (scrotum)
• Epididymis
• Ductus Deferens
• Seminal Vesicle
• Ejaculatory Duct
• Prostate Gland
• Urethra
• Penis

• - male gonad that contains many seminiferous tubules that function in the production of the male sex cell (sperm) and the male hormone (testosterone)
• - located external to the abdominal cavity within a skin pouch called the scrotum
• - they are located in the scrotum because the production of sperm (spermatogenisis) cannot occur at body temperature but it will occur at a temperature that is slighly less than body temperature
• - sperm will leave the seminiferious tubulees via efferent ducts and pass to the epididymis

a C-shaped structure located on the posterior surface on each testis

receives sperm from the testis and stores the sperm until the sperm are released in the process of ejaculation

vas deferens

ductus deferens will begin at each epididymis and will have a lengthy course within the spermatic cord, through the aginal canal, along the superior surface of the bladder and inferiorly along the posterior surface of the urinary bladder where it terminates

on each side it terminates by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle and thereby forming the ejaculatory duct

exocrine gland that functions in producing seminal fluid which is added to the sperm

1 of 3 glands that function in the production of seminal fluid; collectively all 3 are referred to as accessory glands

formed by the duct of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle on each side

union occurs posterior to the urinary bladder and just above the prostate

second accessory gland of the male reproductive system and produces seminal fluid that is added to the seminal fluid produced by the seminal vesicles

located in the pelvis posterior to the pubis and below the urinary bladder

within the substance of the prostate gland, the 2 ejaculatory ducts join with the duct draining the urinary bladder to form the urethra

fibromuscular tube that carries urine during urination and sperm during ejaculation

• prostatic: part that traverses the prostate gland
• membranous
• spongy: part that traverses the penis

3rd and final accessory gland

ducts draining this gland will empty the secretion directly through the spongy urethra

• external genital organ through which urethra passes
• - composed of 3 longitudinal connective tissue structures that are filled with potential spaces called venous sinuses that fill with blood resulting in an erection: two of these are connective tissue structures called corpora cavernosa and are made up of venous sinuses only; the 3rd is the corpus spongiosum with in addition to venous sinuses it also contains the spongy urethra

• ovary
• uterine tube
• uterus

female gonad that contains many follicles that function in the production of the female sex cell (ovum) and in the production of the female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

located on the lateral wall of the pelvis

ova will leave an ovary by being expelled from the follicle at the surface of the ovary; the ovum then enters the abdominal cavity, where it is immediately picked up by the uterine tube

fallopian tube/ovaduct

extends from the ovary where the ovarian end of the tube presents numerous finger-like processes called fimbriae, to the uterus where the tube attaches to the lateral wall of the uterus

conveys the released ovum from the ovary toward the uterus; fertilization will occur in the uterine tube, if not the ovum disintegrates within the tube

organ with an extremely thick muscular wall that expands during the development of a fetus

• - located in the pelvis lying upon the superior surface of the urinary bladder
• - fundus: part that lies above the opening to the uterine tubes
• - body: main mass that extends posteriorly to a constriction called the isthmus
• - isthmus: constricted part of the uterus located between the body and the cervix
• - cervix: lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina

canal that extends from the cervix of the uterus inferiorly to the vestibule of the vagina, the inferior opening of the vagina

located anterior to the rectum and posterior to the urinary bladder

separate and distinct canal from the urethra; the urethra does not join the reproductive organs as it does in the male

two small folds of skin located at either side of the vestibule of the vagina; usually hidden by the labia majora

two elongated folds of skin that extend posteriorly from the pubis

outer surface is is covered with course hairs, whereas the inner surface is smooth

homologous to the penis and contains erectile tissue that when it becomes filled with blood results in an erection

located where the 2 labia minora join anteriorly