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What is the Cortex and the Medulla of the Adrenal gland derived from
- Cortex - Mesoderm
- Medulla - Neural Crest cells that migrate from sympathetic ganglion
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Near what structures does the Adrenal gland develop in the embryo
Between the dorsal mesentery and urogenital ridges
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At 7 months into development, how far along has the adrenal developed
70% of the cortex
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When does the fetal cortex disappear and the permanent cortex take its place
Four months after birth
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What are the three arteries (and origin) that supply the adrenal gland
- Superior suprarenal (inferior phrenic)
- Middle suprarenal (aorta)
- Inferior suprarenal (renal artery)
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The 3 arteries supplying the adrenal gland make up a subscapular plexus in which what three types of vessels arise
- Arteries of capsule
- Arteries of cortex
- Arteries of the medulla
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What arteries supply the medulla of the adrenal gland
- Arteries of cortex
- Arteries of medulla
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What are the three layers of the Cortex of the adrenal gland from capsule to medulla
- Zona Glomerulosa
- Zona Fasciculata
- Zona Reticularis
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What type of cells is the Zona Glomerulosa made of
Columnar or pyramidal cells arranged as rounded or arched cords
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How are the cells arranged that make up the Zona Fasciculata
Straight cords, 1-2 cells thick, perpendicular to the surface
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How are the cells arranged in the Zona Reticularis
Between an anastamosing network with Lipofuscin granules and pyknotic nuclei
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What secretes Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona Glomerulosa
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What stimulates the secretion of Mineralcorticoids
Angiotensin II and Corticotropin (ACTH)
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What secretes Glucocorticoids like cortisol
Zona Fasciculata
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What triggers the release of Glucocorticoids
Corticotropin (ACTH)
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What is the primary secretor of Androgens in the Adrenal gland
Zona Reticularis
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What triggers the release of weak Androgens
Corticotropin (ACTH) in the Zona Reticularis
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Where are lipid granules found in the adrenal gland
Zona Fasciculata
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Where does the adrenal cortex store hormones
It doesn't, they are only made on demand
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What is the sequence of products (and organelles) that leads to synthesis Aldosterone
- Cholesterol
- Pregnenolone (Mito)
- Progesterone (SER) (activated by ACTH and Angiotensin)
- Deoxycorticosterone (SER)
- Corticosterone (Mito)
- Hydroxy Corticosterone (Mito)
- Aldosterone (Mito)
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What is the sequence of products for the synthesis of Cortisol
- Cholesterol
- Pregnenolone (Mito)
- Hydroxy progesterone (SER) (activated by ACTH)
- Deoxycortisol (SER)
- Cortisol (Mito)
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What are the three roles of Glucocorticoids
- Regulate metabolism
- Resistance to Stress
- Depress immune system
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What are the negative feedbacks in the formation of Glucosteroids
- Cortisol inhibits CRH release from Hypothalamus
- Cortisol inhibits ACTH release from Ant. Pituitary
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When stress is in the body, what layers in the adrenal gland get larger
- Zona Fasciculata
- Zona Reticularis
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What cells secrete Epi and NorEpi
Chromaffin cells in the Adrenal medulla stored in secretory vesicles
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How do the Chromaffin cells get their brown color
Due to Oxidation of Catecholamines by chromic salts
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Chromaffin cells are essentially what type of cells
Modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons without processes
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What are the Chromaffin cells innervated by
Presympathetic neurons of splanchnic nerves that secrete acetylcholine
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Once the Catecholamines are synthesized, where do they go
They leave the granule and enter the cytosol region
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Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
Converts Norepinephrine to Epinephrine
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In the Medulla, what cell regions primarily make Norepinephrine and which make Epinephrine
- Periphery cells make Norepinephrine
- Central cells make Epinephrine
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Internally (in the medulla), what triggers Epinephrine synthesis
Glucocorticoids leaking out of the cortical capillaries
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