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how does the break down of bone affect kidney?
- increased serum phosphate inhibits the 1-hydroxylase creating the very active form of vitamin D
- -so PTH's action to increase phosphate excretion decreases the inhibition
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osteoperosis treatment Strategies
- 1. exercise
- 2. nutrition - vit d, calcium and phytoestrogens
- 3. no smoking, >1alcohol/day, high caffeine is bad (supplanting ca+ containing drinks)
- 4. reduce falls
- 5. pharmacologic intervention
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what female ovary abnormality would cause an oversecretion of FSH?
diminished ovarian reserve...not responding well to FSH
-
release of all exported protein hormones depends on what?
calcium
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Age related GnRH
prior to puberty, sensitivity to feedback inhibition by gonadal steroids is high, so low GnRH
-
LH and HCG share what?
same beta subunit, which is recognized by the same receptor.
-
Sertoli cells:
- 1. nourish germ cells
- 2. blood-testes barrier
- 3. produce estrogen
- 4. produce inhibin
- 5. produce androgen binding protein and other proteins for spermatogenesis
- 6. phagocytose cytoplasm and bad germ cells
-
function of androgen binding protein?
to maintain high local concentration of testosterone in lumen of semeniferous tubules
-
spermatocele vs hydrocele
- spermatocele: cystic enlargement of the efferent ducts or ducts of rete testes
- hydrocele: cystic enlargement of processus vaginalis
differentiated by presence of sperm
-
epididymitis
inflamation of epididymus, common cause of male infertility and usually due to gonarrhea
-
what signals next ovulation cycle?
what prevents this signal if implantation is a go?
- -rise in FSH signals next ovulation cycle
- -progesterone from rescued corpus luteum inhibits this rise of FSH signal
-
what hormones produces gestational diabetes?
-GH effect of human placental lactogen (HPL)
-
what is hormone is secreted by the trophoblast?
HCG
-
effects of progesterone withdrawal during parturition?
- loss of quieting influence:
- -uterine contractility,
- -sensitized to oxytocin
- unimpedence of estrogen:
- -relaxin
- -prostaglandins (contracility and vascular changes)
-
How does oxytocin work during parturition?
- 1. neuroendocrine refliex stimulated by stretching of uterus and cervix
- 2. brings on a round of contractions
- 3. positive feedback for even stronger subsequent round
-
effect of stress on cortisol?
- stress can override neg inhibition from a high level of cortisol so that ACTH continues to flow from the ant. pituitary.
- --communication from higher brian centers raises set point
-
how to diagnose cushing's?
using exogenous cortisol to determine that the set point for ACTH is much higher than normal.
-
cortisol's effects?
- protein: breakdown
- fat: mobilize and center
- circ system: vascular intergrity and responsiveness
- kidneys: keeps GFR normal
- immuned system: blocks inflammatory and immunes responses
-
epi vs nor?
- most of nor is a neurotransmitter in rest of body, on 20% is made in adrenal medulla
- -100% of epi is made there
-
tumor of adrenal medulla?
pheochromocytoma
-
thyroid hormone
- 1. increases oxidative metabolism
- 2. tissue maturation
- 3. normal growth and maturation
- 4. thermoregulation**--it heats you up
-
hormones essential for life
-
why opthalmopathy with grave's disease?
what is another symptom?
- an antigen in orbital tissues cross reacts with the thyroid. so it gets inflamed
- --goiter (goiter and eye symptoms are diagnostic)
-
nuclei in pineal body?
pinealocyte is round, while glial cells are elongated
-
hormones that can cause diabetes?
besides insulin, catecholamins and cortisol
-
point of potassium in DKA
try to increase PH and Na through exchange in kidney
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