Chapter 9,10,11,12

the usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury

feelings of nausea that are elicited by stimuli associated with nausea-inducing chemotherapy treatments. Patients experience nausea after treatment but also before or in anticipation of their treatment. Researchers believe that conditioned nausea occurs through classical conditioning

includes both unobservable mental events (thoughts, images) and observable responses (fainting, salivating, vomiting).

a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus.

involves mental processes such as attention and memory, says that learning can occur through observation or imitation and such learning may not involve any external rewards or require a person to perform any observable behaviors.

says that an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (neutral stimulus) predicts the occurrence of another (unconditioned stimulus). In other words, classical conditioning occurs because the organism learns what to expect.

feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety, when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event.

or CR, elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the unconditioned response.

or CS, a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli (neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus) are paired close together in time (are contiguous). As a result of this contiguous pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, which elicits the conditioned response.

In operant conditioning discrimination means that a response is emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is reinforced and not in the presence of unreinforced stimuli. In classical conditioning discrimination is the tendency for some stimuli but not others to elicit a conditioned response.

In operant conditioning, extinction refers to the reduction in an operant response when it is no longer followed by the reinforcer. In classical conditioning, extinction refers to the reduction in a response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus.

In operant conditioning generalization is an animal or person emits the same response to similar stimuli. In classical conditioning generalization is the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response similar to the conditioned response.

says that if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future.

a relatively enduring or permanent change in behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses.

stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested.

also called instrumental conditioning, a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior.

the innate or biological tendency of animals to recognize, attend to, and store certain cues over others, as well as to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others.

In operant conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to a temporary recovery in the rate of responding. In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to the temporary occurrence of the conditioned response to the presence of the conditioned stimulus.

a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (food). After repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (tone) and acts like a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (food). Thereafter, the conditioned stimulus (tone) elicits a conditioned response (salivation) that is similar to that of the unconditioned stimulus.

a technique of behavior therapy in which the client is gradually exposed to the feared object while simultaneously practicing relaxation. Desensitization involves three steps: learning to relax, constructing a hierarchy with the least feared situation on the bottom and the most feared situation at the top, and being progressively exposed to the feared situation.

associating a particular sensory cue (smell, taste, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future.

or UCR, is an unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

or UCS, stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink.

marked by especially abnormal or impaired development in social interactions, such as hiding to avoid people, not making eye contact, not wanting to be touched. Autism is marked by difficulties in communicating, such as grave problems in developing spoken language or in initiating conversations. Autistics are characterized by having very few activities and interests, spending long periods repeating the same behaviors (hand flapping), or following the same rituals. Signs of autism usually appear when a child is 2 or 3 years old (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

a treatment or therapy that changes or modifies problems or undesirable behaviors by using principles of learning based on operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and social cognitive learning.

a training procedure through which a person is made aware of his or her physiological responses, such as muscle activity, heart rate, blood pressure, or temperature. After becoming aware of these physiological responses, a person tries to control them to decrease psychosomatic problems.

innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning.

involves mental processes such as attention and memory, says that learning can occur through observation or imitation and such learning may not involve any external rewards or require a person to perform any observable behaviors.

a mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and its features

every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcer.

a relatively brief time during which learning is most likely to occur.

a continuous written record that shows an animal’s or a human’s individual responses and reinforcements.