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Mattyj1388
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Energy
Energy: Capacity to perform work.
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Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy: Energy in motion, (water flowing over a dam).
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Potential energy
Potential energy: stored energy, (water stored behind the dam).
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Principle of Conservation of energy
Principle of Conservation of energy: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.
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Entropy
Entropy: measure of disorder or randomness. Every time energy is converted from one form to another, entropy increases.
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Chemical energy
- Chemical energy: energy that arises from the arrangement of atoms. ie: Carbohydrates, fats, and hydrocarbons tend to be especially rich in chemical energy.
- 1. automobile engines; 25% efficiency of converting chemical to kinetic energy. [75%converted to heat].
- 2. 40% efficiency converting chemical to kinetic energy. [60% converted to heat].
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Calorie
Calorie: the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree.
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Adenosine triphosphate
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Energy ex-change currency in all living organisms. Composed of adenine (molecule found in DNA), ribose (sugar found in RNA), and three phosphate groups (PO4).1. When phosphate bonds are broken, energy is released.
- 2. When phosphate bonds are formed, energy is stored.
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Energy coupling
Energy coupling: transfer of energy from process that produce energy to processes that consume energy.
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Metabolism
Metabolism: Sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
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Enzymes
Enzymes: specialized protien molecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
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Activation energy
 - Activation energy
: Amount of energy requires to begin a chemical reaction destabalizes reactants in order to make them more likely to react.
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Metabolism occurs....
 - By reducing the amount of activation energy required to destabilize reactants, metabolism occurs at cooler temperatures.
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Enzyme
Enzyme: chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without increasing the temperature.
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Substrate
Substrate: Molecule with which the enzyme reacts; specific enzyme to a specific substrate (reactant).
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Enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme-substrate complex: temporary molecule formed when an enzyme attaches to a substrate.
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Active site
Active site: specific region of the enzyme that has a shape and chemistry that fits the substrate molecule.
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Induced fit
Induced fit: When entry of the substrate into the enzyme causes the enzyme to change its shape in order to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction.
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Inhibitor
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- Inhibitor: A molecule that attraches to an enzyme interfering with its ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
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Nagative feedback regulation
Nagative feedback regulation: as the amount of end product increases, end product molecules inhibit a prior reaction stopping the progression of the reaction.
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Positive feedback regulation
- Positive feedback regulation: as
- the amount of end product increases, end product molecules stimulate a prior reaction promoting the progression of the of the reaction.
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Diffusion
Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Osmosis
Osmosis: diffusion of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Concentration gradient
Concentration gradient: difference in number of molecules in a given area.
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Dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium: when molecules be-come evenly dispersed while moving equally in all areas.
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Passive transport
Passive transport: movement of molecules in which the cell expends no energy.
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Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion: increase in the rate of diffusion with assistance from transport proteins.
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Isotonic
Isotonic: Solution in which the concentration of water and dissolved materials is equal between a cell and its surroundings.
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Hypertonic
Hypertonic: solution with more dissolved materials than water.
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Hypotonic
Hypotonic: Solution with less dissolved materials then water.
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Plasmolysis
Plasmolysis: in a hypertonic solution, a plant cell loses water and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall. [usually result in the cells death].
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Active transport
Active transport: When energy is required to move molecules across a cells membrane against the concentration gradient.
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Exocytosis
Exocytosis: movement of molecules out of the cytoplasm by vesicles or vacuoles.
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Endocytosis
Endocytosis: Movement of molecules into the cytoplasm by vesicles or vacuoles.
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Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: Cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole.
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Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis: Cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles.
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