Social Studies Final Exam

• Most of Italy still used Roman law
• Many ancient Roman works scattered throughout Italy (i.e books, manuscripts, mosaics, wall paintings)
• Italy featured excellent geographical advantages
• Independent city states: benefitted from trade through ports and trade routes
• Mild climate: weather did not dirupt travel, food grew all year round
• Closer ties to the Muslim world: introduced to science, medicine, and astronomy, flourished from Muslim trade

• Consists of city and rural area immediately surrounding it (hinterland), providing food and other necessities
• Retain their own government and armed forces
• War often broke out between them; hired mercenary soldiers led by condotierri to fight for them

• Cloth trade
• Controlled Kingdom of Naples
• First ruled by a democracy, then an ogliarchy (controlled by wealthy and powerful families), then the Medici in 1434

Cloth workers protest poor living conditions in 1378: Florentine rulers were proud of their city, and tried to keep citizens happy by financing public works

• Wool trade
• - Merchants purchased high-quality wool from England and Spain and produced expensive cloth sold throughout Europe
• Banking
• -Began as moneychangers; converted currency
• -Became pope's bankers and recieved taxes for him, introduced new banking practices
• -Established wealthy bankhouses

• Structured on piles sunk into the islands at head of Adriatic Sea
• Featured many canals, which acted as roads and highways

• Had a powerful navy, which allowed them to gain control of trade routes on the Mediterranean Sea
• - Had many merchant ships and warships as well as thousands of sailors
• Watery surroundings made difficult to attack successfully
• Patronized the arts (i.e Titian)

• Quite large: relatives shared a house
• Children learned the trade of their parents by working in the family business

• Promoted family's interest
• Brought better employment for family member
• Valuable business contacts
• Acceptance in to favoured social circles

• Flashy: people displayed wealth by spending lots of money on clothing and entertainment
• Typical gown decorated with peacock feathers, gold leaves, pearls, and flowers

• Controlled consumption, or how people spent their money
• Governed consumption of food, clothing, and household goods depending on social rank
• Directed at the middle class

• The goals of human beings
• The power of reason to find truth rather than relying on the Bible
• Each person's ability to create his or her own destiny

• Among the first of humanists
• Italian writer and poet
• Admired culture of Ancient Rome: collected and corrected many Roman texts
• Recommended that artists and writers convey beauty, much like the Romans
• Often referred to as the ideal model of a "Renaissance Man"

• Florentine writer born in 1469
• Worked as a cival servant and diplomat for the Republic of Florence
• Captured prisoner and sent into exile when the Republic was overthrown

• The Prince:
• Disagreed with popular Humanist view and stated that humans were "wretched creatures" that needed a strong ruler to do what is right

• Dominican preacher
• Intent on reforming corruption in the Church
• Thought luxuries of Renaissance sinful; ordered bonfires of the vanities to burn items such as wigs, make-up, and obscene works
• Died after preaching against Pope Alexander VI

• Proportion (developed by Giotto di Bondone)
• - Stated that everything was "to scale". Objects had to be an appropriate size in relation to the painting
• Perspective (developed by Filippo Brunelleschi)
• -Allowed artists to add depth to their paintings, making them look three-dimensional