The Endocrine System

peptide derivative, water soluble, have hard time diffusing through effector cell membrane.

thyroid hormones: T3, T4 catecholamines adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine.

• made: hypothalamus
• effects: kidney collecting ducts
• action: concentrates urine, retains water.

peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives

• 1. anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, hGH, TSH, Prolactin
• 2. Posterior pituitary: ADH, oxytocin
• 3. Parathroid: PTH
• 4. Pancreatic: glucagon, insulin

located near kidney both endo and exocrine gland.

releases insulin and glucagon.

Zygote undergoes many mitosis resulting in ball of cells called morula

support tissue for hypothalamus.

hypothalamus makes oxytocin and ADH, which are released by post. pituitary

epithelial tissue, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa.

1. glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of adrenal cortex: cortisol, aldosterone

2. gonadal hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

hallow ball of cells derived from morula implanted in wall of uterus

male sex hormone, primary is testosterone.

Also responsible for secondary sex characteristics.

made: testes

effect: secondary sex characteristics, closing of epiphyseal plates

small glands attached to back of thyroid, releases PTH

made: ovaries

effect: prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy

made: adrenal medulla

effects: 'fight or flight', like in sympathetic NS, but longer lasting.

made: anterior pituitary

effects: growth of follicles in female, sperm production in male.

target cell of hormone

made: anterior pituitary

effects: causes ovulation, stimulates estrogen and testosterone secretion

made: ovaries

effect: growth of mother sex organs, causes LH surge

made: anterior pituitary

effects: all body cells

action: stimulates growth, increasing protein production

made: adrenal cortex

effects: Na+ absorption, K+ secretion in tubule of kidney, also increases blood pressure

made: thyroid

difference is 3 vs 4 iodine atoms

• effects: increases basal metabolic rate
• releases regulated by TSH

beneath hypothalmus in brain.

releases prolactin, hGH, ACTH, TSH, FSH and LH

exocrine release enzymes to external env't through ducts, ie sweat, oil, digestive stuff.

endocrine releases directly into body fluid.

gland located along trachea in front of larynx

releases T3, T4 and calcitonin

stimulates corpus luteum to grow and release estrogen and progesterone

made: anterior pituitary, stress response

effects: adrenal cortex

action: adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids

• lipid soluble, use plasma protein carriers. Bind to receptors in nucleus.
• Latent response, longer duration.

made: parathyroid

effects: increase blood calcium, regulated by calcium ion concentration in plasma

once cell type affects the direction of differentiation of another cell type. differentiation "determine" cell fate.

egg and sperm fuse to form

made: thyroid

effects: decreases blood calcium level

made: anterior pituitary

effects: breasts

action: stimulates milk production

HCG, (Estrogens, Progesterone... in addition to ovaries).

• gland lags behind effector... high hormone concentrations are not feeding back. gland responds to BODY not body to GLAND.
• Glands try to normalize body.

on top of kidney, cortex is outside part.

releases Aldosterone, Cortisol, ie minteral corticoids and glucocorticoids

made: adrenal cortex

effects: stimulates gluconegoenesis in liver, degrdes adipose tissue for energy, diminishes immune response.

water soluble, bind to receptors on target tissue, act though 2nd messenger cAMP.

sperm production occurs there

cAMP, cGMP, calmodulin -- often lead to cascade

• cholesterol derived, similar.
• formed in smooth ER and Mito.
• lipids, so require protein transport in blood.
• can diffuse through effector membrane
• tends to increase protein production

made: pancreas

effects: raise blood glucose levels, by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver.

Also breads down adipose tissue. (fat)

made: anterior pituitary

effects: thyroid

action: thyroid releases T3 and T4, thyroid cells grow

• made: hypothalamus
• effects:

action: uterine contractions and milk ejection

made: Pancreas

effects: lowers blood glucose levels, by increasing membrane permeability to glucose (except in brain)