-
What are the four primary proteins produced by adipose tissue
-
Why are proteins glycosylated
This is done to proteins found on membranes or recently made to make them more water soluble as well as to promote appropriate folding
-
What are the major effects of Leptin
- Inhibits Bone formation
- Decreases food intake
- Increases energy expenditure
- Increases Blood Pressure
- Increases immune responses
-
How do the sex hormones effect Leptin
- Estrogen stimulates its production
- Androgens suppress its production
-
Which sex releases more Leptin
Females
-
What pathway is used to transmit extracellular messages received by Leptin receptors
JAK-STAT
-
Ob-Rb or OBRb
Long form of the Leptin receptor
-
Leptin acts on what nucleus to induce anorexic (a-MSH), cocaine (CART), and amphetamine related stimulation (as well as NPY, AgRP, and MC-3)
Arcuate Nucleus
-
How does Leptin cause hypertension
It stimulates the kidneys by sympathetic stimulation from the Hypothalamus increasing hypertension
-
Obesity has what effect on Leptin
It desensitizes the receptors in the brain for Leptin, making the brain, but not other organs unresponsive to it
-
What is a clinical finding in someone that lacks Leptin receptors
They are always hungry
-
How does Leptin affect the immune system
- Activates MAPK and ERK causing an inflammatory response through TNF, IL-6, and IL-12
- Induces NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
- Enhances macropahge phagocytosis
-
What effect does Leptin have on the bones
It inhibits bone formation
-
What conditions prominent in women can an increase of Leptin be attributed to
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Loss of cartilage
-
How is Leptin related to reproductive function
It is necessary for fertility, puberty, is responsible for preclampsia, and gestational diabetes
-
High levels of Leptin are linked to what skin condition
Psoriasis
-
What is the purpose of high Leptin during pregnancy
It helps with the mothers energy stores
-
Patients with hepatitis B have high levels of
Leptin
-
How can high Leptin be a good thing
Protects against Dementia including Alzheimers and it suppresses convulsions related to epilepsy
-
How does Leptin suppress convulsions with epileptic patients
It suppresses Glutamate induced events mediated by AMPAR receptors
-
What are the effects of Adiponectin on glucose and fatty acid synthesis
- Increase glucose uptake (muscle)
- Increased fatty acid oxidation (liver and muscle)
- Decrease Gluconeogenesis (liver)
- Decrease fatty acid synthesis
-
What can Hypoadiponectinemia cause
- Insulin resistance
- Metabolic syndrome
- Atherosclerosis
-
Steatosis defined as, and can be prevented by what
Abnormal retention of lipids within a cell, can be prevented by adequate Adiponectin
-
Adiponectin has what effects on energy stores, energy expenditure, and inflammation
- Decreases energy stores
- Increases energy expenditure
- Reduces inflammation
- All protecting from insulin resistance, diabetes, and coronary heart disease
-
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) affect diabetes how
Increases Adiponectin synthesis which protects against insulin resistance
-
What is the difference in the immune systems response to Leptin vs Adiponectin
- Leptin increases inflammation
- Adiponectin decreases inflammation
-
How does Adiponectin reduce inflammation
- Suppression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN)
- Inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10
-
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has what effect on insulin
Induces insulin resistance
-
What effect does tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) have of adipose tissue
- Promotes lypolysis elevating serum fatty acid levels
- Inhibits LPL secretion
-
What is the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 on Adiponectin
It down regulates it
-
Up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 is done by
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
-
Where does 1/3 of the circulating IL-6 come from
Adipose tissue
-
Down regulation of IRS-1 and GLUT4 insulin receptors is done by
IL-6
-
What affect does IL-6 have on the CNS
Induces a higher energy expenditure and reduces body fat (has the opposite effect in the periphery)
-
What is the effect of IL-6 on Fatty acids
It increases adipose lipolysis thus making high serum Free fatty acids
|
|