DFillRen

• contrast dye into kidney to view
• retro (backwards thru kidney, against b flow)
• usually arterial
• (angio pylography arterial, veno venous)

prostate specific antigen, if elevated, prob w prostate

over 4, can be BPH, can mean cancer

• kidneys ureter bladder
• x ray of abdomen
• can use dye but usually don't. bladder full is better

• computerized tomography
• contrast or without

more specific longer and expensive than CT

• Intravenous Pylogram
• going through the veins using contrast dye

tiny camera taking pictures of things

x ray

• creatnine 1.7- renal insufficiency maybe-depends on baseline
• Normal values are 0.8-1.4 guys
• women lower

(cysto means bladder) when someone pees, use contrast dye into bladder via scope

• take a piece out
• only definitive test for cancer

• angio (arterial) gram (picture w contrast dye) + renal (whole thing)
• can stick a stent in arteries to improve blood flow to kidneys

• blood and urine, 24 h how well are blood and kidneys filtering?
• discard 1st void, start there

dipstick in urine- concentrated or not, same w spec gravity

1.003-1.030

sound waves to look at structures

same as angio except veins

go through rectum to look at structures from the back

• C&S
• 24 h

4.6-8

1.003-1.030

UTI

remove stimulus first, then treat bp can be life threatening

have to pee because of stretch receptors

can't pee everything out

• inflamm of urethra
• gonorrhea usually
• lots of fluid
• pericare
• use condoms
• antibiotics

inflammation of the bladder

• men inflammation of prostate
• different than BPH but some same symptoms
• antibiotics pushing fluids

• inflammation of kidney and structures
• includes renal pelvis tubules, interstitial tissues, usually e.coli
• Congested b vessels assoc w chronic health probs
• DM, trauma, HTN, kidney disease, obstructions or injury

diabetes, untreated HTN, obstruction

• chills, fever, flank pain, loudy pyuria, mucus, blood in urine
• Bi or unilateral
• can lead to a chronic infections destroying nephrons-atrophy of kidney
• dx
• UA/C&S-bacteria
• IVP -degenerative changes
• BUN and Cr may be elevated

femoral artery

elevated

• find bug that causes, 72 h to isolate bug, find resistance
• broad spectrum to start, grow out bug to look for resistance

• catheter into renal pelvis, drain urine
• high inc of infection

• diversion
• bypasses bladder

• kilation of renal perv and calyces
• unilateral or bilateral (congenital)
• obstruction of urinary tract

• dull flank pain
• severe stabbing pain
• n/v
• freq dribbling, burning, difficulty starting urination

stones- form of urinary calculi (stones) dev from minerals identified according to location, nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, cystolithiasis

• adenocarcinomas that dev unilaterally
• renal cell carcinomas arise from cells of the prox convoluted tubules

• call physician
• no matter what, ok to pull foley, but don't insert foley into fresh surgical pt

• the earlier the better
• same sx as BPH

• protein!!
• proteinuria
• hypoalbuminia
• leaking protein through urine
• low protein in blood
• diet- high protein
• edema-protein loves water, so not a lot of protein in blood, fluid can leak out
• altered renal function (BUN and creatnine)
• oliguria

changes in glomeruli interfere w selective perm

• proteinuria, hypoalbumenemia
• blood work- low albumin, hyperlipidemia
• renal biopsy

high protein (compensate) low Na diet (minimize edema), diuretics, corticosteroids

• inflammation of glommeruli, inflammation of kidney, glomeruli, tubules, interstital tissue, preceded by inf sore throat/skin inf most common B hemolytic streptococci
• common w preexisting conditions like lupus, inf triggers immune response

• edema of face, pallor, malaise, anorexia, dyspnea w exertion, hematauria, changes in voiding patterns, oliguria; dysuria
• sx infection