Biology Ch. 2.5

• chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
• Example-CH4 methane

A single link in a polymeric molecule

A long molecule composed of similiar subunits (monomers)

• A protein called an enzyme removes an OH (hydroxyl group) from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another, forming H2O and a new bond between the two smaller components.
• units are linked to one another

• When units are removed
• When enzymes use atoms from water to add a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogen atom to another

• All composed of CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Simplest in structure of the four organic molecules of life
• 2 groups- simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

• Single unit of a carbohydrate
• Contains 5-6 carbon atoms (pentoses, hexoses)
• Examples-glucose, galactose, fructose-->have the same # of carbons, but differ in # of atoms are bonded together (differ in taste, consistency)

• 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
• May be the same or different monosaccharides linked together
• Simple carbohydrate-Both mono. and di. serve as sources of energy for cells
• Example-sucrose, lactose

• 3-100 monomers linked together to make carbohydrates
• Attached to proteins embedded at/on cell surfaces
• Include the ABO blood group antigens as well as the Rh factor in Red blood cells
• Blood type is how these molecules are recognized- don't usually have names

• More than 100 monomers linked together
• Most common polysaccharides-cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen

• Plant cell walls, cotton, wood, paper
• Humans cannot digest cellulose
• AKA fiber

• exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans, fungal cell walls
• Tough, flexible, and biodegradable

• Stored forms of glucose and energy in heterotrophs and autotrophs
• Differ in orientation of connecting bonds
• Plant cells use starch
• Animal and fungal cells use glycogen

• Hydrophobic (don't mix with water)
• Not usually polymers- varied chemical structures
• Includes tryglycerides (veg. oil), sterols, waxes, and phospholipids
• Necessary to life, stored form of energy, brain development during early age
• Stored in adipose tissue, provides insulation, protection, cushioning

A lipid consisting of one glycerol bonded to three fatty acids

• 16-18 hydrocarbon chains are most common
• 3 fatty acids are bonded to 1 glycerol

A carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen carrying a hydrogen atom (COOH)

• The hydrocarbon chains are the most common
• Things that are solid at room temp. (butter, lard)
• Has all the hydrogens it possibly can
• Saturated fats clog arteries, which is why it should be avoided.

• Hydrocarbon chains contain one or more double bonds
• Liquid at room temp.- plant fats, veg. oil
• )

• Addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fats to solidify them
• Results in formation of trans fats-->worse than saturated fats!

• composed of 4 carbon rings
• Include cholesterol, Vitamin A,D,E,K, cortisone, and precursors of estrogen and testosterone

• Fatty acid chains attached to alcohols or hydrocarbons
• Most are stiff/solid
• Water repellent coatings on animals, fruit/veg., and ear wax

• Major component of cell membranes
• 2 hydrocarbon chains (hydrophobic) amd a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

• Chains of monomers called amino acids
• Huge diversity in function (hormones, enzymes, antibodies)

• what makes up protein
• 20 amino acids are commonly used, all w/ same basic structure
• Has a central atom and
• A hydrogen aton, carboxyl group (acid), and amino group (NH2), and a R group
• (remainder of the molecule)
• Dehydration synthsis links amino acids together
• Vary by their R groups-may be simple or complex

• Tryptophan
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Valine
• Leucine
• Isoleucine
• Threonine
• Phenylalanine

The covalent bond that links the carbon from the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the nitrogen of the other

• Chains with 100 or more amino acids
• When it is in its functional shape, it is called a protein

• When hydrogen bonds form between amino acid carboxyl groups of nonadjacent amino acids
• Results in formation of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices (coils)
• telephone cord

Lss than 100 amino acids

• Determined by DNA
• Covalent bonds form between amino acids during protein synthesis (translation)
• Soluble in water
• Amino acid sequence
• Beads on a chain

• Due to "R" gorup interactions, ionic attractions, disulfide bonds
• Hydrophobic sections are forced to the middle of the protein, hydrophillic portions are to the outside
• 1 blob

• 2 or more polypeptide chains are folded together
• Examples- Hemoglobin, antibodies, some membrane signal proteins
• Lots of blobs

• Unfolding and breaking of bonds/interactions between amino acids
• increase in temperature, changes in pH, salts, and detergents may result in this
• Cooking an egg, curling hair

• Hereditary material of cells
• DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA-ribonucleic acid
• Composed of monomers called nucleotides

Contains a 5 carbon sugar (pentose), nitrogen base and a phosphate group

• double stranded polymers shaped as a double helix, liked together by H bonds
• Has Adenine (A), guanine (G), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C)

• Single stranded polymer
• Has Adenine (A), guanine (G), Uracil (U), and Cytosine (C)