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5 main functions of the skeletal system
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
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Blood cell formation, in the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
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Components of the skeletal system
bones, joints, tendons, cartilage, ligaments
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4 types of bones
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
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Long bones
bones in the extremities (arms, legs, hands)
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Short bones
bones in the wrists and ankles
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Flat bones
ribs, shoulder blades, hips, skull
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Irregular Bones
vertebrae, facial bones
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What do ligaments connect
bone to bone
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What do tendons do
tendons attach muscles to bones to coordinate movement
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Types of joins and examples
- immovable- skull sutures
- partially moveable- vertebrae
- free moving- knees, hips, elbows, wrist, feet
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Synovial
free-moving joints
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What are small sacs of synovial fluid called
bursae
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What does bursae do
allows tendons to slide easily across joints
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4 disorders of the skeletal system
Arthritis, fractures, gout, osteoprosis
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function of the muscular system
provides the body with movement and posture
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origin
a muscle attached to the stationary bone
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insertion
a muscle attached to a movable bone
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Abduction
moving away from the middle of the body
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Adduction
moving toward the middle of the body
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Extension
straightening of a limb
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Flexion
bending of the limb
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Pronation
turning the palm down
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Supination
turning the palm up
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Dorsiflexion
Elevating the foot
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Planter Flexion
lowering the foot
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Rotation
moving a bone around its longitudinal axis
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co-,com-,con-
together with
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di-
two, apart, seperation
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endo-, intra-
inside, within
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extra-
outside of, in addition to, beyond
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Three types of muscles found in the body
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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Two involuntary muscles are
smooth, cardiac
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what muscle is voluntary
Skelatal
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Primary function of the nervous system
recognize sensory stimuli, interpret sensation, and initiate the appropriate response
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Name 3 disorders of the muscular system
- Muscular dystrophy
- Myalgia
- Tendinitis
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The nervous system is divided into two systems, what are they?
- Central nervous system (CNS)
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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The (CNS) central nervous system consist of?
brain and spinal chord
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The (PNS) consist of nerves located?
outside of the skull and spinal column
(PNS)- everything that happens outside the brain and spinal chord
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What is a neuron?
The main functioning cell that conducts nerve impulses
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What are the three main parts of a neuron?
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What are Neurons are held together by?
Neuroglia
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Afferent Neurons
transmit impulses from the sensory organs to the brain and spinal chord
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Efferent Neurons
transmit impulses away
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Three layers of tissue that protects the brain and spinal chord are called
meninges
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What circulates between the layers of the meninges to cushion the brain and spinal cord from external shock?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Where does the respiratory system start?
Nose
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The function of the respiratory system is?
to exchange the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air and tissue
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What are the two types of respiration?
- External respiration- gases between blood and lungs
- Internal respiration- gases between blood and tissue
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Name 3 disorders of the nervous system
- Alzheimer's disease
- bell's palsy
- shingles
- MS
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What does the respiratory system consist of
Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
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What does the Upper respiratory tract include?
nose, pharynx, larynx, upper trachea
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What does the Lower respiratory tract include?
lungs, lower trachea, bronchi and alveoli
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What does the pharynx serve as?
airway
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What does the larynx serve as?
wind pipe
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What does the trachea serve as?
windpipe
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Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?
lungs
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alveoli
miniature air sacs
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Name 3 disorders of the respiratory system
- asthma
- bronchitis
- strep throat
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What's the function of the digestive system?
- digestion
- absorption of nutrients
- elimination of waste products
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What is the mechanical breakdown of the digestive system's process?
Mouth, teeth, tongue, saliva, chemical digestion, absorption, elimination
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What are the 8 organs of the GI tract?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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How long in the GI tract?
30 feet
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What are 6 accessory organs in the GI tract?
- teeth and tongue- break down food
- salivary glands- digest food
- liver- forms bilirubin and secretes bile for fat digestion and absorption.
- gallbladder- stores excess bile
- pancreas- produces insulin
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What breaks down food
acid and enzymes
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What is the largest internal organ
liver
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What does the pancreas produce
insulin
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what are the three digestive enzymes
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Name 3 disorders of the digestive system?
- Crohn's disease
- Hemorrhoids
- Hepatitis
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What is the function of the urinary system?
removes the body's waste and water in the form of urine and maintains the body's essential water and electrolyte balance
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What is renin?
is a hormone produced in the kidney to control blood pressure
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what is erythropoietin?
is a hormone produced by the kidney to regulate the production of RBC's (red blood cells)
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What are the components of the urinary bladder.
- 2 kidneys
- two ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
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What are ureters?
muscular tubes that conduct urine fromt he kidney to the bladder
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What is urethra?
tube that extends from the bladder to an external opening.
(caries out of the body)
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What is the function of the endocrine system
produces and regulates hormones
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What does the endocrine system sucrete
hormones
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Hematura
Blood in the urine
(national exam)
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What are 3 disorders of the urinary system
- Renal Calculi
- Renal failure
- uremia
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What hormone does the Anterior Pituitary gland have
extra credit just know abbreviation
- GH-growth hormone
- TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone
- ACTH-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- FSH-follicle-stimulating hormone
- LH-luteinizing hormone
- PRL-prolactin
- MSH-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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What hormone does the Posterior Pituitary gland have
extra credit just know abbreviation
- ADH-Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin
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What hormone does the Thyroid gland have
extra credit just know abbreviation
- T3-triiodothyronine
- T4-thyroxine
- Calcitonin
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What hormone is produced in the Parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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What hormone is produced in the Adrenal Cortex gland
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Androgens and estrogens
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What hormone is produced in the Adrenal Medulla gland
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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What hormone is produced in the Pancrease gland
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What hormone is produced in the ovaries gland
Estrogen and progesterone
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What hormone is produced in the testes gland
Testosterone
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What hormone is produced in the Thymus gland
Thymosin
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What hormone is produced in the Pineal gland
Melatonin
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What is the function of the reproductive system?
perpetuation of future generations of the human species
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What are the components of the female reproductive system
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- mammary glands (breast)
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What are the components of the male reproductive system
- testes
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- prostate gland
- bulbourethral
- urethra
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What is the master gland
Pituitary
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List the endocrine system components from the chart from top to bottom
- Brain-Pituitary,Hypothalamus,pineal gland
- Throat-thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, Thymus gland
- Stomach down- Adrenal glands, pancreas,ovaries, testes
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HCG
- Human chorionic gonadotropin
- (pregnancy test)
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What is the function of the lymphatic system
- drains excess fluid
- defense mechanism
- acts as a passageway
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What are the components of the lymphatic
- lymph
- lymph vessels
- right lymphatic duct
- thoracic duct
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- thymus
- spleen
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4 lymph nodes
- Axillary-arm pit
- mediastenal-chest
- Inguinal-groin
- cervical-neck
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Name 5 main functions of the skeletal system
- bones
- joints
- tendons
- cartilage
- ligaments
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Name 4 types of bones
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
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How many bones are in the human body?
206 bones
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What in involuntary verse voluntary?
- involuntary- the body controls
- voluntary- you control
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MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
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CAT Scan
Computerized axial tomography
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Epiglottis
cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing
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What organ controls your voice?
Larynx
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How many Bronchi are there
2 bronchi
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List three major parts of a neuron and what they do
- Dendrites-receive and carry impulses to the cell body
- Cell body-Receiver
- Axon-carries impulses away from cell body
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Name two types of neurons and their functions
- Afferent neurons-transmits to the brain
- Efferent neurons-transmits from the brain
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The fluid that circulates through the brain and spinal chord is
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Differentiate between external and internal respiration
- External- exchanges gases between blood and lungs
- Internal-between blood and tissue cells
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What are the air sacs of the lungs
Alveoli
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The cartilage that blocks the larynx during swallowing is the
Epiglottis
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What organ stores and concentrates excess bile
Gallbladder
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Name 4 functions of the liver
- Aids in digestion
- Stores vitamins
- forms bilirubin
- removes medications and toxins
- secretes bile
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What organ in the GI tract is were absorption mainly occurs
small intestine
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The functioning unit of the kidney is
Nephron
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What organ transports urine from the kidneys the the bladder
Two uteters
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The chemical substance secreted by endocrine glands are
hormones
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The hormone that maintains normal blood sugar is
Insulin
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The endocrine gland known as the master gland in
Pituitary
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The male sex hormone produced by the testes is
Testosterone
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The gonad for the female reproductive system is the
ovary
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Name three functions of the lymphatic system
- drains excess fluid
- defense mechanism
- acts as passage way
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The predominant lymphocyte produced in humoral immunity is the
B lymphocyte
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List two types of T lymphocytes
- helper T cells
- supressor T cell
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The immune response that is stimulated in an organ transplant is
The cell mediated immunnity
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