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Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis is division of the Nucleus
Meiosis produces sex cells with only half the numbre of genes found in other body cells.
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What are the 4 major tissue categories?
- Nervous
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
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What are the major categories of connective tissue
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Cartilage
- Bone Tissue
- Blood
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what are the major blast cell types found in connective tissues
- fibroblast
- chondroblast
- osteoblast
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what asre the three types of muscle tissue in the body found?
- Skeletal: attached to bones
- Cardiac: only in walls of the heart
- Smooth: walls of hollow organs
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Name 2 major cell types found in nervous system
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Epithelium tissues in the body
- covering and lining the epithelium:
- outer layers of skin
- dips in and lines open cavities of cardiovascular
- digestive
- respiritory
- covers wall and organs of closed ventral body cavity
Glandular epithelium fashions the glands of the body.
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Epithelial cells based on shape and number of layers
- simple - one layer
- stratified - 2 or more layers stacked
- squamous - flat, scales
- cuboidal; box like as tall as wide
- columnar - tall and column like.
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Epithelial specific examples of tissues in body:
SIMPLE
- simple squamous: kidneys, lungs
- simple cuboidal: small gland ducts, kidney tubules
- simple columnar: digestive tract
- pseudo stratified columnar: respiratory tract
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Epithelial specific examples in body: STRATIFIED:
stratified squamous: external part of skin and short distance into every body opening that is continuous with the skin.
stratified cuboidal: ducts of larger glands: sweat, mammary
Strat columnar: phyarnx, urethra, some glands.
transitional: urinary organs.
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Major cell types in epidermis
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- epidermal dendritic cells
- tactile cells
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Cell layers of the epidermis, in order
- stratum corneum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
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What are the appendages of the skin?
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
- hair follicles
- hair
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What are the layers of the hair?
medulla, cortex, cuticle
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what is the structure from which a hair grows?
Follicle
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What are the major categories of a burn
and how are they defined?
- First degree: injure epidermis: swelling, redness pain.
- Second degree: injure epidermis and upper dermis: same as 1st, but with blisters.
- BOTH 1st and 2nd are Partial Thickness Burns.
- 3rd Degree burns: entire thickness of skin (full thickness burn)
- burned area is gray white, cherry red or black and little edema initially.
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Classification of bones based on shape
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
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What are the two types of bone tissue found in the bone?
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What are the three major types of cells found in bones and what are their functions?
- Osteogenic: give rise to Osetoblasts
- Osteoblasts: bone makers
- Osteoclasts: bone breakers
- Osteocyte: mature cell that maintains bone matrix
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what is the inorganic matrix of bone primarily made of?
hydroxyapetites (mineral salts calcium phosphates)
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What are the main substances found in organic part of bone matrix?
- the cells
- the osteoid (ground substance, collagen fibers)
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Name the major bones of the skull:
- parietal
- temporal
- frontal
- occipital
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
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Name the major bones in the thigh and leg:
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Name the major bones in the upper and lower arm:
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Name the Carpals:
Posterior, L to R of LEFT HAND
- Hamate
- Capitate
- Trapeziod
- Trapezium
- Under that,
- Triquetrum
- Lunate
- Scaphoid
- Anteriorly, after triqetrum:
- Pisiform
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Tarsals:
- L-R Top of Right foot
- Medial, Intermediate, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid
- Under that going up the foot
- Navicular
- Talus
- Calcaneus
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How many of each type of vertebrae are there?
- Cervical 7
- Thoracic 12
- Lumbar 5
- Sacral 5
- Coccyx 4
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What is the numbering and naming system of the vertebrae
- Counted from the neck down.
- Get progressively larger going down.
- Cervical and lumbar concave posteriorly,
- thoracic and sacral curve convex posteriorly.
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What are major types of bone fracture
Comminuted - bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
Compression - bone crushed
Spiral - ragged break when excessive twist
Epiphyseal - along epiphyseal plate
Depressed - broken bone goes inward
Greenstick - bone breaks incompletely. one side breaks, other side bends.
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Structural Classification of joints:
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
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Functional Classification of Joints:
- Synarthroses (immovable)
- Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
- Diarthroses (freely moveable)
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Major Structural features of synovial joints
- articular cartilage
- joint (synovial) cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- reinforcing ligaments
- nerves & blood vessels
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4 subclasses of Synovial joints and examples:
- Gliding: intercarpal/tarsal/sternal
- Angular: head towards chest
- Rotation: hip
- Special Movements: palm facing front and back
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What is another name for a skeletal muscle cell?
muscle fiber
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what is a motor unit?
One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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what are the two proteins that are chemically attracted to each other within a myofibril:
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Which proteins form cross bridges between thick and thin myofilaments?
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what is the primary immediate energy source for muscle contraction?
ATP
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Major events in a muscle contraction
Latent period: first few milliseconds following stimulation when excitation-contraction coupling occurs : muscle tension increases, no response on myogram.
Period of Contraction: cross bridges are active from onset to peak of tension development
Relaxation: re-entry of Ca2+ into SR.
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what is muscle tone?
- muscles always slightly contracted.
- due to spinal reflexes that alternately activate groups of motor units
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Isotonic vs. Isometric Contraction
- Isotonic:
- muscle length changes and moves the load
- Isometric:
- muscle neither shortens nor lengthens.
- occurs when muscle attempts to move a load greater than the tension it's able to develop.
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Muscle Movements:
Flexion: decrease angle of joint along sag. plane.
extension: increase angle of joint along sag. plane.
Abduction: moving a limb away from midline of body on frontal plane
Addction: moving a limb towards towards midline
Circumduction: moving a limb - cone in space.
Rotation: turning a bone around it's axis
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