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What are the paranasal sinuses?
air-filled spaces inside skull bones
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Where do the paranasal sinuses open into?
nasal cavity
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Where are the paranasal sinsuses located?
- maxillary
- frontal
- ethmoid
- sphenoid bones
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What are they lined with?
mucous mem
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What are the paranasal sinuses continous with?
nasal cavity
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What do the PNS reduce the wt of?
skull
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What are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
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which salivary glands are the largest?
parotid
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where do the parotid glands lie?
ant & inf to ear
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Where do the submandibular glands lie?
floor of mouth=inside lower jaw
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Where do the sublingual glands lie?
floor of mouth inf to tongue
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Which salivary glands are the smallest?
sublingual
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What are the names of the lymph nodes of the head & neck?
- preauricular
- postauricular
- occipital
- tonsillar
- submandibular
- submental
- superficial cervical
- posterior cervical
- deep cervical chain
- supraclavicular
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Where does the pharynx lie?
post to oral cavity, nasal cavity & larnyx
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How does food travel to the stomach?
oral cavity-pharynx-esophagus
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How does air pass?
nasal cavity-pharynx-larynx
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What are the subdivisions of the pharynx?
naso, oro, & laryngo
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What does the pharynx help to produce?
sound of speech
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What communicates with nasal cavity to provide passageway for air during breathing?
nasoph
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This lies post to the soft palate & inf to nasoph?
oroph
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How does the laryngoph lie in reference to the oroph?
inf
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What is the passagway to the esophagus?
laryngoph
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What is the voicebox?
larynx
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What is an enlargement in the airway sup to trachea & inf to pharynx?
larynx
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What conducts air into & out of trachea while preventing foreign objects from entering?
larynx
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What contains the vocal cords?
larynx
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What muscles & cartilages do the larynx contain that bound by elastic tissue?
thyroid, crichoid, epiglottic cart
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These are horizontal vocal folds insid larynx that extend inward?
vocal cords
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What are the false vocal cords?
upper folds b/c they don't create sound but help close airway=swallowing
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What are the true vocal cords?
lower folds b/c they create sound=air btwn=vibration
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What is btwn the vocal cords during breathing?
glottis-triangular slit
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What is an important function of the glottis?
prevents food or liquid=entering trachea
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What is a flap like structure that allows air to enter larynx?
epiglottis
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What happens when we swallow?
larynx rises=epiglottis goes down=partially covers opening larynx=prevents food into air passages
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What is the windpipe?
trachea
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How does the trache lie?
ant=esophagus & extends down=thoracic cavity
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What does the trachea split into?
R/L bronchi
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how many pieces of hylaine cart are inside trachea?
20
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How are the hylaine cart of trachea shaped?
like a C=open ends=toward spine
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How do the glands from the endocrine sys secrete hormones?
they diffuse=ISF=Bloodstream=target cells
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What are the major endocrine glands?
- pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal
- pineal
- thymus
- pancrease
- repro gl
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The thyroid gland is where to the larynx?
inf
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where does the thyroid gland lie?
adjacent & ant=trachea(saddles)
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What does the thyroid consists of?
2 large lobes=connected via isthmus
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What covers the thyroid gland?
capsule of CT w/follicles
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What is the thyroid filled with?
colloid
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What does the colloid do?
stores hormones produced by follicle
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where are the parathyroid glands located?
post thyroid gl surface
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How many parathyroid glands are there?
4=1sup/1inf=each lobe
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what is the color of the parathyroid glands?
yellow-brown
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what covers the parathyroid glands?
thin ct caps
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where does the thymus lie?
inside mediastinum post to sternum/ant to aorta
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Who is the thymus larger in?
children
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What is important in early immunity?
thymus
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What does the thymus secrete?
thymosins
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What does thymosins do?
affect production/differentation=lymphocytes
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when does the thymus start to shrink?
after puberty
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what is the primary fx of the lymphatic sys?
production,maintenance, distribution=lymphocytes
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what is another major fx of lymph sys?
tranports excess fluid out IS in tissues=return to blood
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how does the lymph sys transport fluid?
network of vessels
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What type of tissue makes up the lymphatic caps?
squamous epi=allows tissue fluid to enter
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Lymphatic caps form lymphatic pathways that merge to form what?
larger vessels & eventually unite=veins in thorax
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Lymphatic vessels are similiar to veins but differ how?
thinner walls
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Larger vessels lead to lymph nodes that continue on to form what?
larger lymphatic tr
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What do lymphatic trunks drain lymph from?
lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic trunks will join what two collecting ducts?
thoracic or r.lymph duct
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which collecting duct is smaller?
r.lymph duct
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The r. lymph duct receives lymph from where?
r.side head,neck r.up limb, r.thorax
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The r. lymph duct empties into what vein?
r.subcl v near jug v
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which collecting duct is larger?
thoracic duct
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The thoracic duct receieves lymph from what?
lower limbs, abdomen, l.up limb, l.side head,neck & thorax
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Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
l.subcl v near l.jug v
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When is tissue fluid referred to as lymph?
enters=lymph cap
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Why does lymph form?
B/c filtration from blood plasma occurs at a higher rate than does reabsorption
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What influences lymph?
muscle activity
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What type of pressure is lymph under?
low hydrostatic pr
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what does the continuous movement of lymph stabilize?
fluid vol=body's IS
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What is it called when tissue fluid accumulates in IS?
edema
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What are lymph nodes actually?
lymph glands
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Where are lymph nodes found?
lymphatic path
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What do lymph nodes contain?
lymphocytes & macrophages
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What is the size & shape of a lymph node?
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What is the indented region of each node called & what is its importance?
hilum=blood vessels & nerve attatchment
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What is the functional units of a lymph node?
lymph nodules=follicles
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what do the lymph nodules consist of?
b-cells & macrophages=nodes cortex
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how can lymph nodules occur?
alone or groups
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What is an example of a partially encapsulated lymph nodules?
tonsils
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These are spaces inside a node that comprise complex channels through which lymph moves?
lymph sinuses
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There are more of what in lymph sinuses than in any other parts of node?
macrophages
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where are lymph nodes grouped along?
larger lymphatic vessels
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What is meant by immune surveillance?
action=lymphocytes & macrophages
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Where is the speen located?
up l.abd cavity, inf to diaphr,post&lat=stomach
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What is the body's largest lymphatic orgain?
spleen
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What does the spleen resemble?
large subdiv lymph node
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What contains the largest amt of lymphatic tissue in adult body?
spleen
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What does the spleen contain?
red & white pulp
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What is concentrated in small regions containing many lymphocytes?
white pulp
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What contains red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages?
red pulp
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The lymphatic sys becomes less effective at fightning dis as we age resulting in what?
lower immunity
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