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Embarrassment
The emotion felt when one violates a social convention, thereby drawing unexpected social attention and motivating submissive, friendly behavior that should appease other people.
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~~~Sabini & colleagues~~~
- Study on experiences that evoke embarrassment
- 3 categories:
- 1. Mistake
- 2. Center of Attn.
- 3. Sticky situation
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Empathic Embarrassment
Being embarrassed in sympathy for someone else who we see is embarrassed or who we think should be embarrassed.
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Expression of Shame/Guilt
Includes lowered eyes and a hunched posture, similar to expression of embarrassment
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Definition of Shame
The negative emotion felt when one fails or does something morally wrong and focuses on one's own global, stable inadequacies in explaining the transgression.
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Definition of GUILT
The negative emotion felt when one fails or does something morally wrong but focuses on how to make amends & how to avoid repeating the transgression.
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~~~Covert et al. (2003)~~~
Study of the interpersonal problem-solving skills shown by shame-prone vs. guilt-prone people
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PRIDE
The emotion felt when someone takes credit for causing a positive outcome that supports a positive aspect of his or her self-concept.
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Expression of Pride
A person tilts the head back slightly, sits/stands tall, & puts arms above head/hands on hips
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EMBARRASSMENT
- Inherently social
- Function: Prevent ostracism
- SELF: Warning cue
- Motivates reparation of social interaction
- Deters socially unfavorable actions
- OTHERS: Aware of misconduct, meant no harm
- Often done through non-verbal channels
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Non-Verbal displays of appease
- Blushing
- Gaze shifts
- Look down & left
- Face touching
- Smiles
- Smile Controls
- Avert eyes 1/2 sec before smile apex
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Verbal appeasement
- 75% of time this happens
- humor
- explanation
- excuse
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Social Evaluation
- Threat/fear of unwanted/negative social evaluation
- Must UNDERSTAND & CARE about others' evaluation of self
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Awkward Interaction
- Disruption of smooth social interaction
- ex: Happy Birthday
- Loss of coherent self-presentational script
- Happens regardless of others' evaluation
- --judgment doesn't matter
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Self Awareness
- Must be aware that there is a "self" & "others"
- ---Occurs much later than other emotions
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Self-Referential Behavior
Ability to recognize "the self"
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~~~Lewis et. al.~~~
- *wanted to find correlation btwn. self-referential behavior & embarrassment
- Subjects: Infants
- Mirror-Dot task--->Does infant recognize self?
- < 15 months: NO self-recognition
- 18 mos.: 75% touch own nose
- 24 mos.: 100% touch own nose
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~~Leary et. al (1996)~~~
- IV: 1)emotion
- -embarrassment (sing "Feelings)
- -control (listen to "Feelings")
- 2) Expression (1st S-R)
- -Public
- -Private
- -None
- DV: 2nd S-R
- Results: None>Private>Public
- --Those who didn't have a chance to express embarrassment to others now show most emb.
- --Public embarrassment = control
- Suggests: Expression of embarrassment may help get rid of that emotion
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~~~Apsler (1975)~~~
- IV: High emb. (dance, laugh, sing, tantrum)
- low emb. (listen, walk, read, count)
- DV: # days in 2nd study
- Results: Hi>Lo
- Hi emb. willing to volunteer for significantly more # days to fill out survey for 1/2 hour each day.
- Shows: People have an urge to save face
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~~~Semin & Manstead (1982)~~~
- Subjects view films of man knocking over display
- Embarrassment vs. Calm Response
- Results: Viewers liked when he showed emb.
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~~~Medical Care Study~~~
- 384 adults
- DV: 1. Delay/Not seek medical attn?
- --emb. to talk to doc, get an exam, trivial
- 2. Symptoms
- Results: 56% delayed/avoided care
- Reasons: #1= Fear of trivial (35%)
- #2= Afraid to talk to doc (28%)
- Emb. more frequently an obstacle for women
- Poor socio-economic status correlated w/emb.
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