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Definition: Pathology
Study of disease
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Definition: Disease
Any change from the state of health causing a disruption of homeostasis
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Definition: Homeostasis
Maintaining physiologic limits
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Definition: Local disease
One part, or a limited area of the body is affected
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Definition: Systemic disease
All of the body is affected
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Definition: Symptom
Are subjective, changes are not obvious to observer, are reported by patient. Example: Pain
Symptoms are not often seen in our field because the Patient cannot talk.
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Definition: Signs
Are objective, can be read. Changes are obvious to observer, are observed by examiner or measured with equipment.
Example: fever, rash.
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Definition: Diagnosis
The art and science of distinguishing one disease from another. State of complete knowledge.
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What does a diagnosis include implementing?
Medical hx, P.E, dx testing, problems list, differential dx, tx plan
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Definition: Infection
Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, can be unapparent or characterized by tissue damage.
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Definition: Infectious dz
Dz caused by a pathogen
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Definition: Contagious, infectious dz
A dz that can be transmitted between animals
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Definition: Pathogen
A dz causing organism
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Definition: Incubation period
Time from entry of pathogen until signs of dz occur
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Definition: Subclinical or uapparent infection
Pathogen present but no signs of dz
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Two types of unapparent infections
Carrier and latent
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Definition: Carrier
An infected individual that never shows signs of dz but sheds agents. Must be living. Appears healthy
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Definition: Latent infection
An infected individual that does not show signs of dz until stressed, then the agent is shed and clinical signs appear. Look healthy until stressed.
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Definition: Vector
Anything that transmits a contagious dz
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3 types of vectors
Biological, Mechanical, Fomite
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Definition: Biological vector
Intermediate host
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Definition: Mechanical vector
Living organism that spreads agent but is not infected
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Definition: Fomite:
Non-living objects that transmit dz.
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Definition: Reservoir
Carrier or alternate host. Agent is maintained in reservoir species which are a source of infection. Living/ non-living material. Will most often make ill but not always.
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Definition: Zoonotic
Dz contagious from animal to man.
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Definition: Reverse zoonotic
Dz contagious from man to animals
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Definition: Enzootic
Dz that is present in the community all the time.
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Definition: Morbidity
A diseased state or ration of Sick to Well in a population. Usually expressed as a ratio. Sick: Well. Can also be expressed as a percentage.
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Definition: Mortality
Number of deaths among exposed or infected individuals. Either death among sick only or death among exposed only.
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Definition: Pathognomonic
Signs that are unique to a specific dz
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Definition: Resistance
The ability to ward of dz through the body's defense mechanisms.
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Definition: Susceptibility
Vulnerability or lack of resistance to a dz.
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The three factors that interact in infectious dzs
- 1. Host factors
- 2. Environmental factors
- 3. Agent factors
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Examples of host factors.
- Age
- Health status/ Meds
- Stress
- Nutritional status
- Immunization status
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Environmental factors
- Crowding
- Sanitation
- Temperature and humidity
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What does crowding increase?
- #/ carriers
- Concentration of agent
- Exposure frequency
- Stress
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What does crowding decrease?
Sanitation
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Agent factors
- Virulence
- Amount of exposure needed
- Transmission
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Definition: Non-specific resistance
Immediate protection. Provides general resistance to a dz.
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Definition: Specific resistance
Takes longer to form, defense is to one pathogen only
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What is the first line of defense and what does it provide?
Skin & MMs; Mechanical and chemical protection
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What does the production of mucus and other body fluids do?
Dilutes and washes away microbes.
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What are examples of chemical protection?
- Sebum
- Perspiration
- Gastric juice
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What is the second line of defense?
Antimicrobial substances
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What proteins are included in the second line of defense?
- Transferrin
- Interferon
- Complement system
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What does transferrin do?
Binds to iron so bacteria can't use it
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What does interferon do?
A protein produced by infected cells to help unaffected cells start protecting themselves.
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What is the complement system?
A protein in plasma which enahnces the immune, allergenic and inflammatory responses. Normally inactive, is activated by the ag-ab complex.
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What is the third line of defense?
Phagocytosis
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What cells are involved in phagocytosis?
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What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of microbes or foreign materials by cells
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What is neutrophil?
1st responder WBC
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Definition: Fever
Increase in body temp, thought to mobilize defense systems, accelerates repairs, reduces duration of infection or inhibits pathogens
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