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Tarsals
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuneiforms (3)
- Cuboid
- Calcaneus
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Talus
Articulates with the tibia
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Navicular
Articulates with the talus
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Cuneiforms
- Medial cuneiform - articulates with 1st & 2nd metatarsals
- Intermediate cuneiform - articulates with 2nd metatarsal
- Lateral cuneiform - articulates 3rd metatarsal
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Cuboid
Articulates with 4th and 5th metatarsals
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Calcaneus
"Heel bone"; articulates with the talus
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Anatomy of the foot
- 7 tarsals
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
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Talocrural joint
- The "ankle joint"
- Hinge joint
- The articulation between the tibia and the talus
- Movements: ankle dorsiflexion and ankle plantarflexion
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Subtalar joint
- Commonly mistaken for the "ankle joint" but is NOT the "ankle joint"
- The articulation between the calcaneus and the talus
- Movements: inversion and eversion of the foot; pronation and supination
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Tarsal-metatarsal joint
- The articulation between the tarsals (medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid) and the bases of the metatarsals
- The first metatarsal articulates with the medial cuneiform
- The second metatarsal articulates with the intermediate cuneiform
- The third metatarsal articulates with the lateral cuneiform
- The fourth metatarsal articulates with the cuboid
- The fifth metatarsal articulates with the cuboid
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Transverse tarsal joint
The articulation between calcaneus and the cuboid and the navicular and the talus
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Metatarsal-phalangeal joint
The articulation between the metatarsals and the phalanges; think: the "knuckles of the foot"
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Interphalangeal joint
- The articulation between the phalanges
- The great toe (hallux) has an interphalangeal joint only
- All other toes have distal interphalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints
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Intertarsal joint
The articulation between tarsals
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Anterior Talofibular Ligament
Origin: Talus
Insertion: Lateral malleolus of the fibula
Action: Prevents inversion in ankle plantarflexion
*This ligament is damaged in a sprained ankle*
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Calcaneofibular Ligament
Origin: Calcaneus
Insertion: Lateral malleolus of the fibula
Action: Prevents inversion in neutral position
*SEVERE inversion during a sprain can also injure this ligament*
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Posterior Talofibular Ligament
Origin: Posterior talus
Insertion: Posterior lateral malleolus
Action: Prevents inversion in an ankle dorsiflexed position
*If you REALLY hurt your ankle, it's possible to damage all 3 lateral ligaments*
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Deltoid Ligament
- Anterior - tibionavicular
- Intermediate - tibiocalcaneal
- Posterior - tibiotalar
- *Triangular in shape*
- *Injured through eversion*
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Anterior Tibiofibular Ligament
Syndesmosis
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Posterior Tibiofibular Ligament
Syndesmosis
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Why isn't the ankle injured through eversion as much as it is through inversion?
Because the fibular comes down farther on the lateral aspect which offers stability
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What are the medical terms for flat arches and high arches?
- Flat foot = Pes planus
- High arches = Pes cavus
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Medial Longitudinal Arch
- Formed by the calcaneus, talus, 3 cuneiforms, navicular, and 3 medial metatarsals
- Supported by the spring ligament (calcaneal navicular ligament)
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Lateral Longitudinal Arch
- Formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, and 4-5 metatarsals (lateral metatarsals)
- Runs along lateral aspect of the foot
- Flatter than the MLA
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Transverse Arch
- Formed by the cuboid, cuneiforms, and base of 1-5 metatarsals
- Supported by the peroneus longus tendon
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Plantar Fascia
- *Deep, dense connective tissue covering the plantar aspect of the foot and supports the tendons*
- *Superficial and strong*
Origin: Calcaneal tubercle
Insertion: Base of 1st - 5th metatarsals
*Women who where high heels are prone to getting plantar fasciitis*
Action: Supports tendons
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How many muscular layers are in the foot?
4
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Superficial Layer
AB-ductor Hallucis - AB-ducts the great toe
Flexor Digitorum Brevis - Flexes digits 2-5 at the proximal interphalangeal joint ("brevis" - doesn't reach all the way to distal phalanx)
AB-ductor Digiti Minimi - AB-ducts the little toe
*The great toe and little toe are able to move independently, but digits 2-4 move together*
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2nd Layer
Quadratus Plantae - Flexes digits 2-5
Lumbricals - Flexes metatarsal phalangeal joints and extends the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2-5
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3rd Layer
Flexor Hallucis Brevis - Flexes great toe at the metatarsal phalangeal joint
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis - Flexes little toe at the metatarsal phalangeal joint
AD-ductor Hallucis - AD-ducts the great toe (runs transverse and pulls towards the midline)
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4th Layer
Plantar Interosseus - AD-ducts digits 2-4 (PAD)
Dorsal Interosseus - AB-ducts digits 2-4 (DAB)
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What is Morton's Toe?
When the 2nd metatarsal is longer than the 1st, thus making the 2nd toe appear longer than the great toe
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After a lateral ankle sprain, what muscles should be strengthened?
The peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
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What tendon does the sesamoid bones of the great toe lie in?
The tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis
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What is the extensor retinacula?
Dense collection of fibrous tissue; helps muscles stay running in the same place
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What are the medical terms for bowleg and knock-knee?
- Bowleg - Genu varum
- Knock-knee - Genu valgum
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Bones and joints of the foot
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