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How would one go about choosing a research strategy?
- Research method
- Research design
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What is research method and what categories does it include?
- these are the basic approaches to gathering informations which include:
- systemic observation
- self reports
- clinical/case studies
- ethographies
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What is a research desing?
It is the overall plan for the study, which permits best researching the question
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What are the categories of systemic observation?
- naturalistic ( in the natural environment)
- Structure ( in a lab setting and allows for focusing on one thing)
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What are the categories of self report?
- Clinical intervie ( conversational style)
- Structured interview ( questionnaires)
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What is a purpose of case study?
It brings to gether a wide range of information such as intervies, observation and test scores
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What is ethnography?
descriptive, qualitative technique, where researcher is trying to understand another culture
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What are some general research designs?
- Correlational ( reveals repationships between variables and does not reveal the cause and effect)
- Experimental( allows cause and effect statements , we can hold certain things constant)
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What are factors associated with correlation coefficients?
- Magnitude (0-1)
- Direction( positive and negative)
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What are the differences between dependent and independent variables?
- In independent variable , experimentor changes thing around, expected to cause changes
- for dependent variable, experimentor measures , it is expected to be influanced by the dependent variable
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What is random assignment?
researchers use unbiased procedure to assign participants to a treatment.
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What are the three categories of developmental research design? what are some problems associated with them?
- Longitudinal( same group studied at different times) problem is that people move or drop
- Cross sectional ( different groups studied at the same time) problem is that these are not the same people
- sequential ( combination of both)
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What is the main duty of IRB?
- protection from harm
- informed consent
- privacy
- beneficial treatments
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What are genotype and phenotype?
- genotype is the genetic make up of a person
- phenotyoe is the observable characteristics
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Define these:
Chromosome
Genes
DNA
- Chromosomes store and transmit genetic information
- Genes are segment of dna located along the chromosome
- DNA substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
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What are some examples of chromosomal abnormalities?
- Down syndrome( 21 chromosome)
- sex chromosome abnormalities ( problems with x and y)
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What are some benefits of genetic counsling?
It helps couples assess chances of hereditary disorders and choose the best course of action
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What are some environmental context associated with development?
- Family which is dyanmic
- SES, these families are smaller and tend to be more nurturing
- Affluance, they are well off but not emotionally available
- Pverty
- Towns and cities
- Cultural context
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What are some familial influances on development?
- Direct: ( two person relationship)
- Indirect
- Adaptation changes from within or the outside
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What is the difference between individualist and a collectivist?
- Individualist are people who define themselves as separate from other people
- Collectivist people are the one who define themselves as a part of a group
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What is the defenition of a human development?
Studying change and constancy through the life span.
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What are the continious and discontinious development?
Continious development is a process of gradually agumenting new skills. where are discontinious is new ways of understanding of the world emerge
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What is nature? What is nurture?
- Nature are inborn biological givens based on genetic inheritance
- Nurture is a physical and social world , it influence biological and psychological development
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What is the difference between stability and plasticity?
- Stability is wehre individuals are high or low in a character and remain so at later ages and early experiance has a life long impact
- placticity is where change is possible
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What does it mean by saying lifespan is multidimensional and multidirectional?
Multidimensional is the biological and psychological and social aspect whereas multidirectional is growth or decline
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What are influances on development?
- Age graded which is based on your age
- History graded which is based on the historical context
- nonnormative means it is not normal
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What is a critical period ?
Certain stimuli is needed in a certain time for some aspect of development and if they don't appear the critical period would not work
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What is sensetive period?
Optimal time for certain capacities to emerge such as learning a language
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What is a theory?
it is an orderly integrated set of statements that describe, explain and predict behaviour
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What are theories of Freud? and what are his three parts of the personality?
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Psychosexual theory
- the three stages are : ID, Ego and superego
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What are the stages of Freud psychosexual theory?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
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What are theories of Erikson?
Psychoanalytic and psychosocial theory which states that ego requires attitude and skills that make the individual active contributing member of society.
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What is the Bandura theory?
- Social learning theory where you observe a model and immitate the midels's actions and get the consequances.
- vicarious reinforcement: where people don't break rules since they have seen the consequances
- Efficiacy: your beliefes about whether you can accompish a certain task
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What are the three categories of behaviorism?
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Social learning
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What is the Piaget theory? and what are the stages?
- Kids are little scientists
- Sensorimotor
- Proprational
- Concrete
- Operational
- Former
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What is the vygotsky theory?
- sociocultural theory where social interactions are a must
- transmission of a culture to the next generation.
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What are the categories of the ecological system?
- Micro ( one on one)
- Meso ( interaction with micro)
- Exo( extended familu)
- Macro( cultural and overall)
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What are the key evens happening through the zygote state?
- Fertilization
- Implanting
- Placenta
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Key events of embryo are:
- Formation of arms/legs/ face
- muscles all develope
- Heart beat
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When is the fastest period of growth in the infant?
within the first six month
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What are the stages associated with the early brain development?
- Plasticity: brain adapts to change
- Myelination : covering of axon , allows for faster communication
- synaptic pruning: usage of different pathways and the ones that are used more get stronger
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What are some regions of the cerebral cortex?
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
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Lateralization of cerebral cortex:
1.left
2.right
- 1. sensory information and control of right side of the body, verbal abilities , positive emotions and analytical processing
- 2. sensory information and control of left side of the body, spatial abilities, negative emotions andn intefrative processing
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What are some factors influancing the early growth?
- Heredity
- Nutrition
- Emotional well being
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What are major mile stones in motor development?
- holding head steady
- Rolling
- Sitting alone
- Crawling
- Pulling to stand up
- Walking alone
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What are the categories of the building schemes?
- Adaptation: building schemes through direct interaction with environment
- Assimilation : use the same schemes
- Accomidation: use different schemes
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What are the domains of core knowledge?
- Linguistic
- Psychological
- Physical
- Numerical
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What is the zone of proximal development?
Degree we can do better with a help of a pro
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What are three theories of language development?
- Behaviourist: opperant conditioning
- Nativist
- Interactionist
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What are some factors associated with individual differences in motor skills?
- Genetics
- Gender
- Practice
- Caregiver encourage
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What are stages of piaget's preoperational stage?
- Gain in mental representation
- Limitation in thinking
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What are some benefits associated with make believe?
- Practice representational schemes
- Reflect on thinking , control behaviour
- Gain in social and language skills
- Improve attention and memory
- Strengthten imagination
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What are the limitation to conservation?
- centration: focus on one aspect and neglect others
- irreversibility: can not mentally reverse
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What does vygotsky sociocultural theory include?
- Private speech
- Zone of proximal development
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What are the three most important categories of erikson psychosocial stages?
- Autonomy Vs. shame
- Basic trust Vs. Mistrust
- Initiative Vs. Guilt
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What is temperment associated with?
- Reactivity: Emotional arousal, Attention, Motor activity
- Self regulation
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What are 3 categories of temperment?
- Easy child
- Difficult child
- Slow to warm up
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What are some biological bases associated with temperment?
Inhibited or shy kid Vs. Uninhibited social kid
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What are stages of self development?
- Self awareness : from birth
- Self recoganition: emerge in the 2 year
- Empathy: aided by self awareness
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What are stages of attatchment?
- preattachment
- attachment in the making
- clearcut attachment
- formation of a reciprocal relationship
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What are types of attatchment?
- Secure : cry at separation and then soothed
- Insecure: avoidant, resistant , disorganized
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What are the categories of peer sociability in play:
- Nonsocial
- Parallel play
- Cooprative
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What are cognatice play categories?
- Functional play
- Constructive
- Make believe
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What are parental influances on early relationships?
- Direct effects: arrange informal peer activities
- Indirect: secure attachment
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What is the prosocial behaviour?
helping, sharing and cooprating
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What are types of aggression:
- Instrumental
- Hostile ( physical, verbal or relational)
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What are some theories associated with gender ID?
- Social learning
- Cognetive development
- Genger schema
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What are child raring styles?Authoritative
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved
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