PSYC 153

• Primitive Form:
• ~Urge: Stop interaction btwn. LO & Rival
• Elaborated Form:
• ~With age, meaning of interaction becomes imp.
• threats to: self-concept, self-esteem, relationship rewards

• Subjects: 6 mo. w/no siblings
• Watch mother interacting w/doll or book that makes noises
• IV: Mom plays w/doll vs. non social toy
• DV: Facial expressions & behavior
• Results: Negative affect doll > Toy

• Subjects: 4.5 mos. - 7 yrs. old
• IV: Mom interacts w/infant vs. same-aged peer
• DV: behaviors
• Results: 8.5 mos. = some jealousy reactions
• 1.5 yrs. = definie jealousy
• 3.5 yrs. = differences in jealousy over peer vs. infant (peer > infant)
• * Jealousy not effected by rival's age @ younger age

• --Frequently cause for divorce
• --Motive for murder
• --12-16% of murder across cultures

• Believes men are hard-wired/programmed to like certain hip-to-waist ratio (.7)
• Sexual jealousy mechanism
• JSIM = Jealousy as a specific innate module theory

• -Men's jealousy triggered by sexual acts
• -Women's jealousy triggered by emotional bonding/love

Problem = Cuckoldry

Problem = Resource diversion

• Forced-choice hypothetical scenario:
• What would upset you more?
• (a) imagining emotional infidelity
• (b) imagining sexual infidelity
• % choosing sexual in U.S.:
• 25% of women
• 50% of men

• JSIM:
• Type of threat & role of cognitive appraisal: Cognition confined to detection of infidelity
• Emotional process specific to infidelity: Yes. Mechanisms specific to mating.

• Social-Cognitive:
• Type of threat & role of cognitive appraisal: Cognition/Appraisal imp., many possible threats (ex: to self, to relationship)
• Emotional process specific to infidelity: No. Same jealousy process across interpersonal contexts

• Subjects: 196 adults
• Measures: (1) F-C Infidelity ?s
• (2) Reactions to mate's actual infidelity
• --Degree of focus on sexual vs. emotional infidelity
• Results: Actual infidelity: on ave, Focus on EMOTIONAL > SEXUAL
• ----->problem for JSIM: men did not overall report sexual aspects more troublesome
• *Men & Women's experiences more similar than different

• An unpleasant emotional experience that arises in a social situation in which one desires what another possesses
• -"Dual Focus"

• -differentiate btwn. "benign" & "malicious" envy
• ----Malicious envy includes some form of anger, hostility, or ill will

• -Argue that there is no such thing as benign envy, which is just desire/longing.
• It is only envy if one not only experiences an unpleasant emotion due to the rival having something one desires-but furthermore desires that he/she lose it.

-Envy is type of anger that arises when one has a frustrated desire for something another possesses, which one feels one should & could have.

• Differentiate "objective" from "subjective" resentment
• objective: others would agree that there is an injustice
• subjective: the enviers are likely not to find social support for their sense of grievance, which is more aptly termed envy

• Pleasure at another's pain
• --Linked to envious reactions

Proposed that jealousy should not be viewed as a distinct emotion or even a blend of emotions, but rather as a label for a complex interpersonal situation tht elicits various negative emotional reactions.

Found subjects offered diff. emotional labels depending on what aspect of situation was highlighted

-Proposed 6 diff. emotional reactions that can be part of an envious episode.

Capuchin monkey experiment with fairness.

• Similarity
• Domain relevance
• Change in status
• Relationship closeness
• Physical presence
• Specific Hard-wired triggers

• Importance of a third party (the Other)
• --can be an individual or a social group
• By the very act of envying, the envier implicitly accepts the value system of the other(s)

• Studies on envy across cultures
• --Swat people particularly prone to envy

• Guidelines offered by Judaism to counter envy
• 1. Try not to compare one's own achievements to others' but be the best one can be
• 2. Focus not on the envied person but rather on the quality he possesses to channel energy towards possessing it
• 3. Accept what God has given & hope things will be diff. in afterlife

• Gives envier a sense of power
• Causes envied to fear loss

• Males face cuckoldry
• Females face loss of time, resources, & commitment from male
• STUDY 1: Subjective Distress over a partner's external involvement
• --males reported greater distress in response to sexual infidelity than emotional infidelity
• STUDY 2: Physiological responses to a partner's external involvement
• --Men showed significant increases in EDA during sexual imagergy compared w/emotional imagery
• --Women showed greater EDA to emotional infidelity
• STUDY 3: Contexts that activate the jealousy mechanism
• --Direct experience of relevant context during development may be necessary for activation of sex-linked weighting of jealousy activation

-Women tend to believe that men can have sex without being in love.

• "cognitive load manipulation"
• --asked subjects to remember string of 7 digits while answering ?s
• Results:
• Did not change males' responses
• Females shifted toward picking sexual infidelity as more powerful jealousy trigger
• --Suggests F responses may reflect inferences--tendency of subjects to give answers that present a desired impression of themselves

Used to describe patients who display a conviction, most often delusional, that their mate is cheating on them.