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Juxtacrine secretion
A subsection of the paracrine secretion grouping but the distances are an even shorter distance
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Autocrine secretion
Hormones released from a cell that act on themselves
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Interleukin-2 is an example of what type of secretion
Autocrine secretion
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Somatostatin inhibiting insulin is an example of what type of secretion
Juxtracrine
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What is the difference in the mechanism of action Steroid/Thyroid hormones to that of Protein Hormones
- Steroid/Thyroid hormones have the ability to diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells to activate a receptor
- Protein Hormones activate receptors in the plasma membrane which activate secondary messengers like cAMP
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The Pituitary gland is attached to the Hypothalmus via
Infundibulum
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What are the two different lobes of the Pituitary gland
- Adenohypophysis (Anterior)
- Neurohypophysis (Posterior)
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Adenohypophysis is derived from
Oral ectoderm originating from Rathke's pouch
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Neurohypophysis is derived from
Neural ectoderm from an extension of the hypothalamus
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Adenohypophysis consists of what sections
- Pars Distalis (Ant pituitary)
- Pars Tuberalis
- Pars Intermedia
- "DIT"
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Neurohypophysis consists of what regions
- Pars Nervosa (Posterior Pituitary)
- Infundibular stem
- Median Eminence
- "MIN"
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The Sella Turcica is part of what bone
Sphenoid
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The primary capillary plexus of the Pituitary gland is found where and is the location of what
- It is found in the median eminance of the Neurohypophysis
- This is where the Hypothalamus secretes hormones
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Blood enters and leaves the pituitary gland with hormones through what series of vessels
- Internal Carotid
- Superior Hypophyseal Artery "Hypo"
- Primary capillary plexus "Primary cap"
- Hypophyseal portal veins "Hypo"
- Secondary capillary plexus "Secondary cap"
- Anterior Hypophyseal veins "Hypo"
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Where is the Secondary capillary plexus located
Pars distalis
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What are the different cells found in the Pars Distalis and their stain affinity
- Somatotropic cells - Acidophilic
- Mammotropic cells - Acidophilic
- Gonadotropic cells - Basophilic
- Thyrotropic cells - Basophilic
- Corticotropic cells - Basophilic
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What do the Somatotrophs produce
Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)
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What do the Mammotrophs produce
Prolactin
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What do the Thyrotrophs produce
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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What do the Corticotrophs produce
- Pro-OpioMelanoCortin (POMC) which contains
- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Corticotropin (ACTH)
- Lipotropin (LPH)
- Endorphins
- Enkephalins
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What do the Gonadotrophs produce
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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Immunohistochemistry
The method for precise identification of endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis by using specific antibodies
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What is found in the Pars Tuberalis
- Some basophilic cells that contain secretory granules of FSH and LH
- However, no specific hormones are known to be secreted
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Pars intermedia has what role
It is rudimentary in humans but contains colloid filled follicles (Rathkes cysts)
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- Arcuate Nucleus
- "Noahs Arc Grew to be Dope"
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Somatostatin
- Arcuate, Paraventricular, Periventricular nuclei
- "S-APP"
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Dopamine
- Arcuate nucleus
- "Noahs Arc Grew to be Dope!"
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Arcuate, Medial Paraventricular, and Periventricular Nuclei
- "C-PAmP"
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Arcuate, Ventromedial, Dorsal, Paraventricular Nuclei
- "G-PAD V as apposed to IPAD five"
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What is the Hypothalamic source of Thyrotropin- releasing hormone
- Ventromedial, Dorsal, Paraventricular Nuclei
- "TV Prime Dime"
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What is the effect of Somatostatin
Inhibition of Growth hormone secretion and synthesis
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What is the effect of Dopamine
Inhibition of Prolactin synthesis and secretion
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What is the effect of Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
- Stimulate POMC synthesis
- Stimulate release of ACTH
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What is the effect of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulation of LH and FSH synthesis and secretion
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What is the effect of Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulation of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and prolactin synthesis and secretion
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Glucocorticoids in the adrenals are released by the presence of
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
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FSH has what effect on the Ovaries and Testis
- Increase release of Estrogen from the Ovaries
- Spermatogenesis in the Testies
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LH has what effect on the Ovaries and Testis
- Progesterone secretion in the Ovaries
- Testosterone release in the Testies
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What are the primary effects of Somatotropin in the body
- Stimulation of growth in bones
- Release of free fatty acids from Adipose tissue
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Pars Nervosa has what characteristics
- Found in the Neurohypophysis
- Has no secretory cells
- Has Pituicytes and about 100,000 unmyelinated axons of neurosecretory neurons that terminate near capillaries
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Herring bodies
Distentions of axons that contain hormones and is found in the Neurohypophysis
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What are the hormones found in the distentions of Herring body axons
- Oxytocin - Stimulates uterine contraction & milk ejection
- ADH - Increases water permeability in kidneys
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Oxytocin can be found where in the hypothalamus
- Paraventricular nucleus
- "Oxytocin stimulates a Pair of breasts"
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ADH can be found where in the Hypothalamus
Supraoptic nucleus
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Hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
The tract that hormones from the Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei of the Thalamus follow to enter the pars nervosa
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Pituicytes
- Glial cells found in the Pars nervosa which surround the axons of the neurosecretory cells
- They retract from the axon to enable passage of hormones from the Herring bodies to the pericapillary space
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