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Developmental Psychology
Study of how behavior changes over time
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Post Hoc Fallacy
false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused that event
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Bidirectional influences
Children's experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences.
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Cross-sectional design
research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
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Cohort effects
effects observed in a sample of participants that result from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
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Longitudinal design
research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
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Myths of Development
Infant determinism and childhood fragility
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Infant determinism
the widespread assumption that extremely early experiences are almost always more influential than later experiences in shaping us as adults
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Childhood Fragility
Children are delicate little creatures who are easily damaged
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Distinguish Nature from Nurture
- Nature: our genetic endowment
- Nurture: the environments we encounter
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Gene-environment interaction
situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
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Developmental Cycle
- 1. Blastocyst
- 2. Embryo
- 3. Fetus
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blastocyst
ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take any specific function in a body part
Happens in the first week and a half or so after fertilization
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Embryo
Second to eigth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form
Eighteen Days after fertilization, the brain begins to develop.
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Fetus
Period of prenatal development from the ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change
At the ninth week the heart begins to beat
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Teratogens
Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
Examples: Drugs, alcohol, chicken pox, x-rays, anxiety, and depression
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Cognitive development
study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember
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Assimilation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
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accommodation
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
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Piaget's stages of devlopment
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- concrete operations
- Formal operations
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Piaget
- 4 stages of devlopment
- IV: task given to the children
- DV: performance of the children
- Mostly in the self quadrant (2)
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Sensorimotor stage
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally
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Object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
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Preoperational stage
Stage in Piaget's theroy characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform on them
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Egocentrism
Inability to see the world from others' perspectices
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Conservation
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in thw physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same
Watched a video where the guy was asking the children about the "rocket fuel"
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Concrete operations stage
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on phyaical events only
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Formal operations stage
Stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
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Vygotsky
Social and cultural influences on learning
- Believed learning was gradual
- Mostly in the learning quadrant (4) but goes to quadrants 1 and 2 as well
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Scaffolding
Vygotskian learning process in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent
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Zone of proximal development
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
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Rauscher
The Mozart effect: supposed enhancement in intelligence after listening to classical music
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Theory of mind
Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
False-belief task: test children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong
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Lorenz
- Imprinting of geese: they tend to follow around the first large, moving object they see after hatching
- IV: time it took for the goslings to follow, and what they followed.
- DV: the following behavior
- Mostly in biological quadrant (3)
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Imprinting
Phenomenon observed in which baby birds begin to follow around and attach themselves to any large moving object they see in the hours immediately after hatching
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Harlow
- Contact comfort: positive emotions resulting from touch
- When frightened by an object, infant monkeys almost always prefer the terry cloth mother over the wire mother, who had nourishment.
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Ainsworth
- Strange situation
- Separation from mother. Mother and a stranger are present, then the mother leaves the child with the stranger
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Adolescence
the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years.
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primary sex characteristics
the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
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secondary sex characteristics
sex-differentiating characteristics that don't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deeping voices in men
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menarche
start of menstruation
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spermarche
boys' first ejaculation
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identity
our sense of who we are and our life goals and priorities
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