Ch 5-8

never ending circulation of the earths water supply

portion of water being soaked into the earths surface

the portion of the water that infiltrates into the ground and is absorbed by plants which is then released in the atmosphere

we are dependent on it for energy, transportation and irrigation

areas that provide water to a river system

is the dranage basin of one stream separated from the dranage basin of another by an imaginary line

• is water flowing in channels.
• Three main tasks
• 1 erosion
• 2 transporation
• 3 deposition

A slow or rapid flow

ability of a stream to erode and transport

• 1 Gradient
• 2 shape, size and roughness of the channel
• 3 discharge

the vertical drop of a stream over a distance and slope of a stream

• volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time.
• ft^3/s

gradient gradually decreases from head to mouth

• Erosion
• Transportation
• Competence
• Capacity
• Deposition

ability of a stream to accumlate and transport soil and weathered rock

• the movement of particles from one place to another.
• There are three categorys
• 1 dessolved load- materals are dissolved in water (limestone)
• 2 suspended load - materals are suspended (silt and clay)
• 3 bed load- portions of the stream consisting of sand gravel and large bulders

the maximum size of particles a stream can carry

maximum load a stream can carry

as the stream slows down it compendence reduces and the largest particles are dropped off first and then the smaller particles. material deposited by the stream is called alluvium

materials droped off by the stream

the gradient is steep in the headwaters and rivers cut into the bed rock

Several streams are composed of loosely consolidated sediments and they undergo constant change as the material is eroded, transported, and deposited.

the streams curve

when streams cut off a menander

a short channel is created when a river erodes through a narrow neck of land between meanders

interconnected network of streams

top center

the limit to which a stream can erode

valleys deepen and widen by this action, consists of channels and sournding terrain.

the lying area of a stream vallet that can flood

the stream hits still waters and its velocity drops and the deposits forms

elevated land that confines their waters except durning flooding

it forms when high gradient streams leaves a narrow valley in mountainous terrian and comes onto the broad flat open plain.

the network of streams that together form characteristic patterns

drainage resembles the branches of a tree

the stream moves away from the central area, associated with sloping terrains.

when streams are bent along right angles

tributaries are parallel to one another and look garden rows

50% of people in the us depend on ground water for day to day use

ability of the substance to hold water

ability of the substance to transmit water

layers of rocks in which water can be extracted in usable amounts

impermeable layers of rock or sediment

the zone in the ground that is filled or saturated with water

it is the zone in the ground which is not filled with water

is the level of water inside the ground

moves from a higher water table to a lower water table

the relationship of the rate of groundwater flow

• Betweeen 2 points to the difference of hydrolic head( hight of water level between them
• ft per second

removing of ground water

a large amount of water is removed from the well and ground water level is lowered and is lowering

the depression after the withdrawal of groundwater. is not noticable for small amounts.

granet

gravel

nonrenuable source

surface colapsing

helps one side of the ground one is doing well

septic tanks, fetillizers and pesticides

soluble rocks (lime stone)

ground water erosion occure and have candle shaped features

when rock is limestone and water and dry zones form.

vegetation helps dissolution process by providing acids

large sheets of perennially frozen ice

confined to a mountain range

larger and contients (antarctica and greenland)

it plucks and melt water goes into the crack and freezing breaks the rocks.

when rock fragments slide over bedrock. then it polishes and smooths the surface, this pulverized rock is called rock flour

pulverized rock

formed as the ice at the bottom of the glacier contained large rock fragments moves

• glaciated valleys
• cirque
• arete
• horn
• fiords

the glaciers widen deepens and straigtens a v shaped valley becomes U shaped.

circular feature that is carved out by the glacier

sharp saw toothed ridge (saddleback) formed by glacier erosion

pyramidal features observed after the sides have been carved out by the glacier

Scenic inlets of sea that are present in high latitude regions of the world where mountains are adjacent to oceans.

is the unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier

layers of till

formed when blocks of ice becomes stagnant and then melts

the till is deposited into a mound

ridges compromising of sand and gravel are deposited made by streams beneath the ice

steep sided hills composed of sand and gravel

covers 30% of earhts surface little or no plant or animal

mechanical weather proceses by which sand and other materals are eroded transported and deposited by wind.

plays little part and rain results in flash flooding

trend N-S direction

feature that goes from nevada to oregon

picks up materals and transports the materals carving items in its way bc wind increases with the hight from the surface

removing and lifting of individual particles

when the wind removes the and the pebles surfave is left behind.

landforms that are created by wind in some reagons

topographic is covered by windblown silt

Unconsolidated ridges of sand deposited in a mound

gently sloping windward side

steep slope of the dune

cresent shaped and sand is limited

more sand is supplyed

deeply curved and convex in downward wind direction

largets type and is formed parallel.

rapid release of energy from the rocks

how the energy is released

not all earthquakes happen here

point of orgin of the earthquake (below ground)

point on the earths surface directly above the focus

smallest amplitude and fastest

med amplitude and med speed

largest amplitude and slowest, most damage

locating and measuring eatthquakes

used to record an earthquake, record all over the world

the resulting paper record from the earthqakke

speeds of waves and arival times

the distance the wave repeates

eye witness account form I (few people to XII ( nothing left standing)

the amout of ground displacement it procuces near the epicenter

large earthquakes, the strength of the rock and displacement of faulty is accounted for

• ground motion
• fire
• landslides
• liquefication
• permanent displacemnt of land surface
• aftershock

trembling and shaking of land, large E movement is visable and can destroy buildings

Broken gas water and power lines can cause problems. San Francisco fire caused more damage

water saturated soil turns from soild to liquid from the ground shaking.

takes place as a result of movement along a fault

small E that follow the main one and can cause serous damage.

movement of the sea floor up or downwards. making large waves

core mantel and crust

ridged and divided into contiental and oceanic

19 miles thick and is thicker

3 miles thick and less thick, links below contiental

seporates the crust between the mantel

80% of earths volume

consists of oxides of silcone amd magnesium

dense mixtureof iron and magesium

inner most layer

is liquis molten and is icon and nickel, 90 % of earths magnetic field.

is solid and sense and is iron

crack in rocks, small tremors, water levels change or animals ack strange

earth surface is divided in large plates that slowley move

Alfred wegner theory, contients all most idental

plates

simular coastlines, same fossils, same rock types, same sediments across the contients.

large slab of earths surface that is made up of the seafloor

• Divergent
• convergent
• transform

• The plates move away from one another.
• They are associated with mafic-basaltic lavas.
• Also called as constructive plate boundaries.
• On the seafloor is located at the crest of the mid-oceanic ridge.

EX mid atlantic ridge

• Two plates move towards one another.
• Also called as destructive plate boundaries.
• Three types of convergent plate boundaries: Oceanic-Oceanic (Mariana Trench), Continental-Continental (Himalayas), and Oceanic- Continental (Andes)

• This is where plates slide by one another. Characterized by horizontal movement along the fault plane.
• Movementalong these plates may result in earthquakes.
• Also called as conservative plate boundaries.
• San Andreas fault is a good example of a transforms plate boundary.

case two oceanic plates converge and one oceanic plate converges below the other.

involves the oceanic plate subducting below the continent and forms a magamtic arc, Andes mountain

two continental plates come together and the are separated by the ocean floor

is where the sea loor slides beneath the continent or an island arc.

Takes place when the hot magma rises and pushes its way up. As it approaches the crust it pushes its way through and move the plates apart (caramel oozing out of a Mars candy bar).

hot rocks moves away from the ridge it cools and solidifies and becomes dense then sinks back down

The study of ancient magnetic fields

North