blood

Extracellular fluid(ECF) any fluid not within cells
Interstitial Fluid: fluid in between cells & body tissues
Blood: plasma (ECF)
Other ECF's: spinal, cerebral, senvial fluid

Major Blood Fuctions:
1. Trasportation: Gases, Nutrients, Waste, Hormones, Iones.
2. Regulation: Temperature, Nutrients, Wastes, Fluid levels, Cell Contents.
3. Protection: clots: reduce additional blood loss, form of barrier against
microbes.

Physical Characteristics of Blood:
Normovolemic: normal blood volume
Hypovolemic: low blood volume
Hypervolemic: high blood volume
-thicker and more viscous than water- sticky
Temperature:38C) V (100.4F)
pH: 7.4 (7.35-7.45 normal range) slightly alkaline
all bloods physical characteristics are closely regulated
Venipuncture: common technique, superficial, thin wall.
Arterial stick: less common,respiratory gases Levels (CO2/PO2)

BLOOD PLASMA:
a. Water: about 92% of plasma, solvent, suspending medium; heat transfer
b. Plama Protein: Primarily produced in the liver. (7% plasma)
-Albumin:(60%) small, important for osmotic pressure, ACTS as transport protein for several steroids hormones.
-Globulins: (35%) antibodies: gamma globulins
also trasport molecules of fat soluble vitamins and iron
-Fibrinogen: (5%)blood clottin protein
c. Other substances: hormones, enzymes
-Electrolytes: Cl-, Ca++, HCO3 ( bicarbonate)
-Nutrients: glucose, amino acids
-Wastes: urea, ammonia
-Gases: O2, CO2

Formed Elements: (about 45% of blood volume) the cells and cell fratments
-Vicosity: the more elements=the more vicosity
-Hemopoiesi: Blood formation
Hematocrit: Refers to percentage of blood that is cellular (formed) elements
-Male: range is 40-54%/ average value 46
-Female: range is 37-47%/ average value 42

ERYTHROCYTES: RBC (99.9% of formed elements)
-primary job: Carry Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
RBC ANATOMY: biconcave discs: 7-8 micron diameter
-Enucleated:Mature cells
RBC LIFE SPAN & NHUMBER:
*4.5-6.3 million/ml male 4.2-5.5 million/ml female
-RBCs live about 120 dats (4 months)
-Can't replace/repair damage because they lack nuclei and organelles
Removal of OLD RBCs: phagocytosis by cells in liver, spleen, bone marrow