Bioconcepts Cells

a summary measure of not only the total number of lives lost but also an estimate of the time and extent of disability caused as well

the identification and classification of a disease

any disruption of vital function of an organism caused by genetic, environmental, or developmental factors

the cause(s) of a disease

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being; not merely the absence of disease

caused inadvertently by medical treatment

no known cause

the state of being in an unhealthy condition

the rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease in a population over time

the incidence, etiology, and pathogenesis of a disease

the process(es) by which a disease occurs and progresses

the most likely course and outcome of a disease

objectively observable findings caused by a disease

subjective elements of a disease experienced by the patient

lowered pH of tissues caused as cells accumulate lactic acid when oxygen is not available for respiration, inducing fatigue, decreased ability to function, and ultimately death

a protein found in cell filaments that mediates muscle contraction, cell movement, and maintains cell shape

movement of substances across the plasma membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient by consuming energy (ATP)

process by which food, in the absence of oxygen, is broken down outside the mitochondria into 3 carbon fragments. This less efficient ATP-producing process produces lactic acid which accumulates in cells causing acidosis

an energy storing molecule produced by mitochondria

processes or substances produced by cells that act back on the cells themselves

that portion of the extracellular matrix that binds epithelial tissues to supporting connective tissues

the complete sequence of events that occur from one cell division to the next

modified points of contact on the plasma membranes of cells that serve specialized functions

the process of cell-to-cell communication mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors

the processes by which cells transfer oxygen from food thereby producing water, carbon dioxide, and ATP that stored as an energy source

decreased facilitated transport of substances that results from selective binding of transport receptors by other substances

specialized tissue that holds skin and organs together and in place

regulatory proteins produced by cells, principally cells of the immune system, that activate other cells to replicate and/or perform other functions

division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells during mitosis

the organized complex of organic and inorganic intracellular substances inside the plasma membrane and external to the nucleus that includes the cell fluid or cytosol and organelles

the network of protein filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm that controls cell shape, maintains intracellular organization, and is involved in cell movement

neutralization of the resting membrane potential caused by an influx of sodium ions into the cell associated with the propagation of electrical signals from cell-to-cell

cell junctions that bind cells and their cytoskeletons together to brace tissues and give the body form

processes by which cells internalize external substances by engulfing them and moving them into their cytoplasm in vesicles

a complex web of cytoplasmic membranes for transporting substances between the nucleus, other organelles, and the plasma membrane

tissue that covers the internal and external surfaces of the body, enclosing it and regulating the movement of external substances in and out

higher animals and plants with cells that have a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound intracellular compartments

process by which cells expel substances out of the cytoplasm into their surroundings by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane

a complex mixture of non-living material including proteins and carbohydrates that surround living cells and tissues providing protection and support

passive mediated transport

connective tissue cells that produce fibrous components of extracellular matrix like collagen and elastin

the first "gap" phase of the cell cycle where there is no replication occurring. Terminally differentiated cells such as nerve cells permanently exist in this phase.

The second "gap" phase of the cell cycle that follows DNA synthesis when RNA and proteins are produced preceding M or mitosis

cell junctions that allow ions and other small molecules to flow between cells mediating processes such as cell-to-cell depolarization

an organelle composed of layers of membranes and vesicles that modifies the structure of proteins

water soluble proteins that complex with and stabilize DNA

molecules either produced by cells or chemically synthesized that circulate in the blood stream and alter replication and/or function of distant cells through cell signaling

glycoproteins that span across cell membranes and anchor tissue to the extracellular matrix

all other stages of the cell cycle other than M or mitosis

specialized vesicles containing enzymes that digest substances

the phase during the cell cycle when mitosis occurs, usually lasting approximately one hour

movement of substances across the plasma membrane either actively or passively that is mediated exclusively by protein transport receptors

transfer of any disease causing agent from one part of the body to another associated with the development of the same pathologic changes in the new location

the organelle containing respiratory enzymes that conduct cellular respiration by a process called oxidative phosphorylation

nuclear and chromosomal splitting during cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells with essentially the same genetic complement as the parent cell

specialized nerve cells that cause contraction of adjacent muscle cells during depolarization

specialized tissue that provides movement necessary for body function

a globular muscle protein that can consume ATP and reversibly interact with actin to cause cellular contraction by forming a complex called actomyosin

specialized tissue that transmits electrical signals throughout the body

hormones produced by specialized nerve cells

chemicals released by depolarized nerve cells into synapses that induce depolarization of cells downstream

the spherical body within the nucleus that mediates protein transcription

the largest organelle in eukaryotes containing chromosomes and the nucleolus that directs cell division, cell function, and protein synthesis

groups of organs that work together to perform a specific body function such as digestion, excretion, circulation, reproduction, etc.

any cytoplasmic compartment surrounded by an internal membrane that performs a specific life function such as protein syntheses, oxidative phosphorylation, digestion of foreign particles, etc.

aggregates of tissues that perform a particular body function such as digestion, hormone production, excretion, circulation, etc.

a complex chemical process that occurs on the surface of mitochondria converting food substrates into simpler molecules and storing energy in the form of ATP

processes or substances produced by cells that act on adjacent cells

movement of small, non-charged, lipid-soluble substances across the plasma membrane using physical forces without energy consumption

a specialized form of endocytosis usually performed by white blood cells used to remove and digest foreign materials such as bacteria and tissue debris

the semipermiable layer around cells; composed of inner and outer surfaces of protein surrounding a third layer of lipid that is usually covered with indentations and projections

organisms such as bacteria and some algae that have cells lacking a nucleus.

specialized protein structures on plasma or nuclear membranes that bind signaling molecules and mediate cell signaling

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of cells, a negative internal charge relative to the outside.

aggregates of RNA that coat some of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and regulate protein synthesis

the period during the cell cycle when DNA replication occurs

molecules that bind to protein receptors on cellular membranes triggering intracellular reactions that activate genes that alter cellular growth or function

spaces between nerve cells lying close together where the depolarization of one nerve cell causes release of neurotransmitters into the space that trigger depolarization of the adjacent nerve cell

cell junctions that seal cells together as tissues

aggregates of cells that form structures that perform specialized function such as movement, transmission of electrical signals, body structure, etc.

larger, specialized vesicles formed within the cytoplasm to digest materials taken in by phagocytosis

a membrane bound pouch in cells that contains substances