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The 5 vital signs
- Blood pressure
- Respirations
- Pulse
- Skin (color, temp, condition)
- Pupils
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S.A.M.P.L.E.
- Signs & Symptoms
- Allergies
- Medications taken
- Past pertinent history
- Last oral taken
- Events leading to injury or illness
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Acronym for determining level of consciousness
- AVPU
- Alert, Verbal, Painful, Unresponsive
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Skin color: Pale
Constricted blood vessels possibly resulting from blood loss, shock, hypotention, emotional distress
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Skin color: Cyanotic (blue-gray)
Lack of oxygen in blood cells and tissues resulting from inadequate breathing or heart function
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Skin color: Jaundiced (yellow)
Abnormalties of the liver
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An indication of a patient's condition that can be seen, heard, smelled, or felt that is observed by another person
(sweaty skin, staggering, vomitting)
Sign
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An indication of a patient's condition that cannot be observed by another person but rather is subjective, or felt and reported by the patient
(pain, dizziness, nausea)
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Pupil appearance:
Dilated
- Fright
- Blood loss
- Drugs
- Treatment w/ prescription eye drops
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Pupil appearance: Constricted
- Drugs (narcotics)
- Treatment w/ prescription eye drops
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Pupil appearance: Unequal
- Stroke
- Head injury
- Eye injury
- Articial eye
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Pupil appearance: Lack of reactivity
- Drugs
- Lack of oxygen to brain
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The pressure created when the heart contracts and forces blood out into the arteries
Systolic BP (top)
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The pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling
Diastolic BP (bottom)
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Medications an EMT-B can administer or assist with:
- Activated charcoal
- Oral glucose
- Oxygen
- Prescribed inhalers
- Nitroglycerin
- Epinephrine auto-injectors
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A treatment for a consicous patient (who is able to swallow) with an altered mental status and a history of diabetes
Oral glucose
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A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood
Nitroglycerin
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A drug that helps to constrict the blood vessels and relax passages of the airway. Maybe used to counter a severe allergic reaction
Ephinephrine
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INDICTIONS to administer Nitroglycerin
- Complaints of chest pain
- History of cardiac problems
- Dr. has prescribed
- Systolic BP is greater than 90-100
- Medical direction has authorized
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CONTRAINDICATIONS to administer Nitroglycerin
- Systolic BP below 90-100 (hypotention)
- Pulse rate below 50 or above 100
- Head injury
- Patient is child or infant
- Erectile dysfunction meds has been recently taken
- Has taken max. dosage (3 times)
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Cardiac arrest in the adult population is most often the result of:
Cardiac arrhythmias
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Initial assessment
- Mental status
- Airway
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Priority
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Scene size up
- Scene safety
- Mech of injury/nature od illness
- # of patients
- Additional help
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Diaphoresis
Perspiration (sweaty)
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Describe Hypoglycemia
- (insulin shock)
- Cool, Clammy skin, and rapid onset
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Describe Hyperglycemia
- (Diabetic coma)
- Warm. Dry skin, and slow onset
- (sometimes occuring over a period of days)
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Two indications for removing an impaled object on a patient
- The object is causing airway compromise
- When the object interferes with your ability to perform CPR
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Closed head injuries can cause a variety of signs and symptoms such as:
- "Cushing's triad"
- Hypertension
- Bradycardia
- Altered respirations (slow & irregular to rapid & deep)
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A convulsion associated with a significant rise in body temperature. Most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 6 years and are twice as common in boys as in girls
Febrile seizure
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Appropriate treatment for a child following a febrile seizure
- Ensure a patent airway
- Administer oxygen
- Remove clothing
- Apply moist tepid towels (to lower body temp)
- Transport
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The most common cause of cardiac arrest in children
Respiratory failure
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One of the most reliable indicators of perfusion in children 6 and younger
Capillary refill
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After an initial attempt to ventilate a patient fails, you reposition the patient's head and reattempt ventilation without success. You should next
Initiate airway obstruction removal techniques and provide transport
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A systemic reaction following ingestion of a poison
Tachycardia and hypotension
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Airway management of a patient with labored, shallow breathing should consist of
Positive pressure ventilations
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Skin will become cyanotic with a decrease in the amount of
Arterial oxygen
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The most reliable indicator of an underlying injury
The presence of palpable pain
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Children with no fever who have a sudden onset of respiratory distress is likely the result of
Obstruction of the airway by a foreign body
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The position most appropriate for a mother in labor with a prolapsed umbilical cord
Supine with hips elevated
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When is it most appropriate to clamp and cut the umbilical cord
As soon as the cord stops pulsating
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If a mother has a moderate amount of bleeding following delivery of a newborn, the most appropriate management includes
treating her for shock and providing immediate transport
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What is a pulmonary surfactant
A lubricant that lines the alveolar walls and allows them to expand and recoil
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Initial management of a patient with a suspected allergic reaction
Provide 100% oxygen
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If a joint is injured how should you immbolize it
In the position it was found
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Signs of cardiac compromise
- Pain in the chest or epigastric area
- Nausea
- Irregular pulse (fast or slow)
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The wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
Septum
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AED's are only used on patients who are
Pulseless and apneic (not breathing)
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After delivery of a shock from an AED if the patient has a return of a pulse; you should next?
Assess the airway and ventilatory status
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