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REASONS TO STUDY
PUBLIC SPEAKING
- Personal Reasons
- Public Reasons
- Professional Reasons
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What is involved in choosing a topic?
Is it Interesting to you and the Audience?
- Is it Appropriate to the situation and
- the time?
Is it manageable and worthwhile?
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Define Channel
The physical medium through which communication occurs
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Define Decoding
The process by which a code is translated back into ideas.
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Define Feedback
Audience member responses, both verbal and nonverbal.
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Define Transaction
An exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two or more people.
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Define Preview
A forecast of the main points of the speech
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Define Signposts
Transitional statements that bridge main points
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Define Credibility
- The degree to which the audience trusts and believes
- in a speaker.
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The primary function of a speech in which the three commonly agreed upon general purposes are:
To inform
To persuade
To entertain
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Define Specific Purpose
Goal or Objective a speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience.
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Thesis
A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience’s attention on the central point of the speech.
Usually stated in the introduction of the speech.
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Name the 4 types of Speeches
- Extemporaneous
- Manuscript
- Impromptu
- Memorized
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Define Extemporaneous
A combination of careful preparation with spontaneous speaking in which the speaker generally uses brief notes
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Define Manuscript
Writing out a speech completely and reading to the audience
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Define Impromptu
Speaking with very little preparation; Spontaneous and unrehearsed.
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Define Memorized
Speaking with no notes.
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What are the ways that you can begin a speech with?
Capture the audiences attention
Connect with the audience
Preview your main points
Ending a Speech with impact
Quotation
Direct appeal
Anecdote
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Aristotle's 3 types of appeals to use when
speaking
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
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Define Ethos
The audience's perception of a speakers competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill; credibility
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Define Pathos
Appealing Emotionally
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Define Logos
Appealing Logically
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What is the SMCRE Model?
- Source
- Message
- Channel
- Receiver
- Enviroment
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What is ELM?
Elaboration Likelihood Model
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Define the ELM
It's the process of when the brain processes messages through the peripheral root and the central root of the brain.
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"Fear or Anxiety of Communication"
What are some causes of Fear or Anxiety?
Communibology/Genetics
Environmental Reinforcers
Learned Helplessness
Personality Traits
Culture
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What is CA short for?
Communication Apprehension
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What are some effects of CA?
Lower ACT Scores
Lower Grades
Class Selection: Groups/Participation
50% lower graduation
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What are some ways that a person can reduce the effects of CA?
Systematic Desensitation
Cognitive Restructuring
Positive Visualization
Kinesics
Change your Perspective/Courage
Be Prepared
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What is Cognitive Reconstructing?
Changing your negative self talk into positive self talk.
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What is Systematic Desensitization?
It's a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders
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What is Kinesics?
The study of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc., as a means of communication.
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What is Ethics?
It is a system of of principles of right and wrong.
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What is Ethical Relativism?
Belief that there are no universal Principles. Truth is relative and depends on the circumstances.
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What is Culture Relativism?
Criteria for ethical behavior in not necessarily applied to other cultures.
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What is Universalism?
The philosophy that there are ethical standard that apply to all cultures.
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What is Utilitarianism?
The greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
"Sacrifice the few for the many"
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What is Situational Ethics?
Belief that ethics depend on the situation.
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What are Some guidelines for Public speaking?
- Be truthful
- Show respect for the power of words
- Choice/Respect: "Do unto others..."
- Cultural Diversity
- Treat people as means not ends (Don't manipulate)
- Provide good reasons
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What is Plagiarism?
The unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as one's own original work.
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What needs to be done to avoid Plagiarism?
Cite the Source.
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Define Goodwill
The speaker cares about the Audiences needs and concerns.
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Define Trustworthiness
The perception by the audience that they can rely on a speaker's word.
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