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A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment
perception
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An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused
attribution theory
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The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about behavior of others
fundamental attribution error
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The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors
self-serving bias
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The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interest, background, experience, and attitudes.
selective perception
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The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristics
halo effect
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Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics
contrast effect
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Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs.
stereotyping
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A situation in which a person inaccurately perceives a second person, and the resulting expectations caused the second person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception
self-fulfilling prophecy
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Choices made from among two or more alternatives
decisions
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A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state
problem
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Characterized by making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints
rational
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A decision-making model that describes how individual should behave in order to maximize some outcome
rational decision- making model
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A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity
bounded rationality
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An unconscious process created out of distilled experience
intuitive decision making
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A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information
anchoring bias
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The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments
confirmation bias
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The tendency for people to base their judgment on information that is readily available to them
availability bias
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An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information
escalation of commitment
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The tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events
randomness error
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The tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome might have a higher expected payoff
risk aversion
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The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome
hindsight bias
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A system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
utilitarianism
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Individuals who report unethical practice by their employer to outsiders
whistle- blowers
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The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
creativity
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The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation
three-component model of creativity
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