Biology Semester 2 Final

Organisms that make their own food

• 1.) absorb the energy of sunlight
• 2.) make carbohydrates

Van Helmet

• 1.) Energy (light)
• 2.) Matter CO₂ and H₂O
• 3.) Place- Chloroplasts

Membranes with pigments to absorb light

Liquid medium for chemical reactions

• 1.) Photophase (aka "light reactions")
• 2.) Synthesis Phase (aka "dark reactions")

• a) light energy is absorbed by pigment in grana
• b) energy splits water into 2H⁺, 2e-&0
• c) Oxygen is released into the air
• d) energy from the 2e makes 2ATP
• e) 2e and 2H⁺ picked up by NADP⁺ and carried to stroma as NADPH
• f) ATP diffuses to stroma

• a) CO₂ is absorbed into the stroma
• b) CO₂ combines with e- and H⁺ (from NADPH) to form glucose in the Calvin Cycle
• c) energy is from ATP and e-

• 6CO₂+6H₂O+LIGHT-----> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂

• 1. Concentration of CO₂
• 2. Light intensity
• 3. Consentration of H₂O
• 4. Temperature

Photosynthesis

increases

an aerobic process that requires oxygen

cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

• 1. Energy source
• 2. Oxygen and Water
• 3. Place

• 1. Glycolosis
• 2. Transition
• 3. Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle
• 4. Oxydative Phosphorylation

An anaerobic phase in the cytoplasm

An aerobic process in the matrix of mitochondria

An aerobic process in the matrix of Mitochondria

An aerobic process in christae and mitochondria

• 1.Glucose (6C) is split into two molecules of PYRUVIC ACID (2X3^c)
• 2. 4e-and 4H⁺ released to NAD⁺ to form NADH
• 3. ₂ATP used and ₄ATP made

• 1. breakdown of 2 pyruvic acid to 2 acetyl CoA and 2CO₂
• 2. 4e- and 4H⁺ released to NAD to form NADH

Organisms pass energy and biomass by eating and/or being eaten

Interconnected food chains in an ecosystem

• -herbivores
• -carnivores
• -detritivores
• -omnivores
• -decomposers

• -Consumers
• -Producers

IDFK

ecological concept that all living things affect and are affected by the other living things within their ecosystem/habitat

area where living things and noliving environment interact to maintain balance

• consumers
• producers
• decomposers

• chemical components
• energy source
• climate- precipitation, temperature, wind direction
• topography- shape of the land

Area within an ecosystem where a species of an organism that fills a niche

full range of physical and biological conditions in shich a population lives and the way in which a population uses these conditions

• a. temperature range it requires
• b. shelter it requires
• c. position in the food web
• d. resources it uses
• e. resources it leaves behind

• a. condensation
• b. precipitation
• c. seepage (percolation)
• d. runoff
• e. root uptake (absorption)
• f. evaporation, transpiration, perspiration

• a. photosynthesis
• b. respiration
• c. food chain
• d. deconposition
• e. combustion

• a. nitrogen fixation
• b. nitrification
• c. anabolism
• d. food chain
• e. decomposition
• f. denitrification

• a. dissolution
• b. root uptake (absorption)
• c. anabolism
• d. food chain
• e. decomposition
• f. sedimentation

Primary productivity

decomposers

ecology

SUN

steps in food chain or web

less energy + biomass stored in higher trophic levels of food web

Organisms in overlapping niches use some of the same resources or eat some of the same food

• organisms on adjoining trophic levels on the food chain
• a. predator eats prey
• b. each affects the others population

• unrelated species in an ecosystem that live in a close relationship
• a. mutualism- each species benefits from the other
• b. commensalism- one species benefits and the other is unaffected
• c. parasitism- the parasite benefits and the host is harmed

• constant change within an ecosystem as a response to natural phenomena and/or human disturbances
• a. older inhabitants move out
• b. new organisms more in

• a. succession on land where no soil exists
• b. pioneer species take hold
• c. decay forms soil

• a. disturbance changes a community without removing soil
• b. plant seeds enter the area and repopulate the land

• a. mature stable community
• b. no more succession or too slow to be noticed

genes for different traits separate independently of one another

paired alleles seperate when gamets are formed in a cell division called meiosis

• Dominant alleles
• a. hide other alleles
• recessive alleles
• b. hidden allele that is shown when no dominant allele is shown

• Genes for a trait are in pairs
• a. one allele from each parent
• b. an allele refers to the different forms of genes
• c. two pairs put together makes a genotype
• d. alleles that are the same are homozygous
• e. alleles taht are different are heterozygous
• f. the genotype determines an individual's phenotype

• 2 different kinds
• 1. X & Y, XX= female, XY= male
• 2. chromosomes that contain genes that code for sex characteristics

genes that are often inherited together due to close physical proximity on the same chromosome

exchange of genes between homologus chromosomes

• 1. sex determination
• 2. genes linked on the sex chromosomes
• 3. traits inherited more in one sex than the other

• traits inherited more in one sex than the other
• genes on autosomes that are activated by sex hormones

the x does not go to sons on the punnet square

females

males

cells undergo a round of DNA replication

chromosome pairs with matching homologus chromosome

spindle fibers attatch to chromosomes and line up in the middle

Fibers pull the chromosomes towards opposite side of cell

Nuclear membranes form, cell separates into 2

2 haploid daughter cells, each 1/2 number chromosomes as origional

chromosomes line in a similar way to metaphase stage

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite end

Results in 4 haploid daughter cells (separating)

4 individual sperm cells

• 2
• 4