What is the result of not resolving underlying causes of renal failure?
uremia
Tubule obstruction, decreasesblood flow, or inflammation are causes of what?
acute renal failure
Hyperkalmia is a major symptom of what?
acute renal failure
Kidneys have a _______ _______, as a result renal failure is asymptomatic
Late signs (end stage) of chronic renal failure are:
pruritis, CHF, uremic frost, failure to activate vitamin D
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is more common in _____.
adults
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease occurs mostly in _______.
childhood
60% of nephron loss in renal failure is what stage?
decreased renal reserve
70% nephron oss equals what stage of renal failure?`
renal insufficiency
90% nephron loss equals what stage of renal failure?
end stage renal failure
Acute renal failure is ________, while chronic renal failure is ________.
reversible, irreversible
Thin, web-like mebrane located between dur matter and pi matter
arachnoid matter
space between arachnoid matter and pi matter
sub archnoid space
space below dura matter
sub-dural space
space between dura and arachnoid matter
sub-dural space
space between dura matter nd peristeum of skull
epideral space
Clear fluid that circulates around brain nd spinal cord-
CSF-cerebral spinal fluid
CSF is formed where?
choroid plexuses in ventricles
What is the function of CSF?
cushion for brain and spinal cord
Loss of logical thinking, analytical skills, communication skills, and other intellectual skills are controlled by
left brain
Behavior, spatial orientation, relationships, mobility and appreciation for art and music re controlled by
right brain
Most serious level of consciousness is
coma
N response to painful or verbal stimuli, some relfexes, and flaccid body equals what?
coma
Loss o all reflexes, fixed/dialated pupils, slow/irregular pulse and respirations equals
terminal stage deep coma
Loss of awareness and mentl capabilities-brain stem function continues equals
vegetative state
Unresponsive to stimuli and appear to sleep/wake (open/close eyes)
vegetative state
Capable of thinking but paralyzed and can not communicate
locked-in syndrome
Name the criteria for brain death
cessation fo brain function-absense of brain stem reflexes or responses-absense of spontaneous respiration w/o respirator- certain of irreversible brain damage
Damage to right eye or right optic nerve results in
right eye blindness
Damage to lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord causes
flaccid muscles, absent reflexes, paralysis on same side at or below site of injury
Damage to upper motor neuronsin cerebrl cortex or coricospinal tracts causes
weakness/paralysis on opposite side f injury, increase muscle tone and reflexes
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) serves as a warning to
CVAs (cardiovascualr accidents)
Destruction of optic chiasm results in
vision loss in both eyes
Damage to right occipital lobe or right optic tract results in