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Physiology- test 2
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pulmonary ventilation
breathing
inspiration/expiration
abdominal breathing
contract diaphragm= inhalation
relax diaphragm= exhalation
forced/chest breathing
external intercostals and anterior scalenes= inhalation
rectus abdominus and internal intercostals= exhalation
negative intrapleural pressure due to:
low blood pressure
elastic recoil
"work" during inhalation
compliance work
tissue resistance work
airway work
"work" during expiration
tissue resistance work
airway work
free work
amount of energy spent on breathing
3%
spirometry
studying ventilation
tidal volume
amount of air ventilated during normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal volume
vital capacity
expiratory reserve + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve
residual volume
air left in lungs after exhalation
total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
vital capacity dependent on:
anatomical factors
physiological factors
forced vital capacity
time to exhale vital capacity
forced expiratory volume
amount of vital capacity exhaled in 1 second
forced expiratory flow
flow during middle part of forced vital capacity
minute respiratory colume
amount of new air into lungs in 1 minute
= tidal volume X respiratory rate = 6 liters/minute
(respiratory rate = heart rate)
goal of respiration
minimize work
anatomical dead space
anatomical space that takes in air but doesnt participate in respiration
minute alveolar volume
4.2 liters/minute
diffusion is a function of:
concentration gradients
solubility of gases
nature of barriers
gas solubility
function of chemistry
- solubility coefficient
- molecular weight
gas partial pressure
very dynamic
pressure differential
Henry's Law
[dissolved gas] = partial pressure X solubility
diffusion = change in pressure differential
factors affecting lung partial pressures
mixing new and old air
humidification
absorption
production
ventilation
P
O2
105
P
CO2
40
ventilation-perfusion ratio
normal= 0.8
as you travel thru circulatory system AWAY from lungs O2 decreases and CO2 increases
2 forms of O2 transportation
MAINLY bound to hemoglobin
dissolved gass
Bohr effect
increase temp or H causes less O2 binding to hemoglobin
3 ways CO2 is transported
MAINLY as bicarbonate ion
bound to hemoglobin
as dissolved gas
Haldane effect
increase CO2 release from blood with increased O2 amounts
Neurogenesis
control of ventilation via medulla
respiratory control center activated -> spinal cord LMNs -> Ms of thorax (diaphragm)
ramp signal of neurons
strongest at end of inhalation and beginning of exhalation
increase ramp signal causes increase action of diaphragm
modification of ventilation cycle
voluntary override by brain
stretch receptors of lungs
blood chemistry evaluation (MAIN)
central chemoreceptor
sensetive to H ions
stimulates dorsal respiratory group
located in brain
peripheral chemoreceptor
aortic and carotid bodies
sensitive to O2
stimulate dorsal respiratory group
emphysema
lung disorder
decreased O2 and increased CO2 in lungs/blood
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
interalveolar septum destroyed causing cavernous lungs
less elastin makes exhalation difficult
pneumothorax
air/gas into plaural cavity
causes lungs to collapse due to rise in intrapleural pressure
respiratory distress syndrome
respiratory membranes fail
most common in infants, not enough surfactin
adult version life threatening
"wind knocked out"
due to abnormally large expiratory reserve being expelled
asthma
obstructive disorder
smaller airways constricted
mountain sickness
caused by prolonged time in decreased O2
due to hypoxia and polycythemia
physiological shunt
occurs when ventilation to an alveolar area is cut-off
physiological dead space
volume of lungs that does not participate in gas exchange
vasodilation
local flow controlled by release of local factors
allows for more efficient CO2 removal and O2 delivery
pure oxygen
dangerous to breathe
carbon monoxide poisoning
CO binds to hemoglobin better than O2
ondine curse
no involuntary or automatic control of breathing
problem with respiratory control center
breathing alternations
changes in breath due to just about anything affecting respiratory control center
dorsal respiratory group
in nucleus of tractus solitarius
contains inspiratory neurons
recieves information from chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and stretch receptors
cheyne-stokes breathing
lag in adjustment to changing CO2 levels
periods of slow deep breathing followed by periods of shallow rapid breathing
Author
bbeckers88
ID
88330
Card Set
Physiology- test 2
Description
respiration
Updated
2011-05-29T22:21:16Z
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