-
kinetic energy:
energy of motion
-
potential energy:
stored energy
-
diffusion:
the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (movement of any molecule except water) has no membrane
-
diffusion will continue until __________ is reached
equilibrium
-
membrane that permit only certain materials to pass through them
semi-permneable
-
osmosis:
diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
-
difference between osmosis and diffusion
osmosis occurs in water and has a semi-permeable membrane; diffusion has a permeable membrane
-
name and define the two groups of chemical reactions:
- endothermic- absorbs heat
- (w+x+energy------> y+z)
- exothermic- releases heat
- (a+b------> c+d+energy)
-
activation energy:
the heat necessary to start the burning reaction
-
the difference between organic and inorganic compounds:
organic compounds contain carbon and have lived at one time; inorganiccompounds contain less carbon and hve not lived
-
list four groups of organic compounds are found in:
carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acid
-
basic building blocks of carbs:
monosacharides
-
building blocks of lipids
fatty acids
-
-
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
-
3 mixtures
solution, suspension, colloid
-
The functions of organic compounds fall into 3 categories:
structural, enzymatic, storage
-
function of carbs
structural and storage
-
function of lipids
structural and enzymatic
-
functions of proteins
act as enzymes and structural
-
4 essential elements found in living organisms:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
-
examples of monosaccharides:
glucose, galactose, fructose
-
when two monosaccharides combine, a _________ is formed.
disaccharide
-
large complex bonding of monosaccharides are:
polysaccharides
-
4 examples of polysaccharides:
starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose
-
carbs contain:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-
How many amino acids have been identified?
20
-
Who developed the model of DNA?
Watson and Crick
-
what neutralizes acids and bases?
buffers
-
when combined, an acid and a base ________ each other and form a _____ and ______
destroy; salt; water
-
-
Homogeneous mixture:
one that is the same throughout
-
Solution:
a homogeneous mixtureof one or moresubstances within another substance
-
What keeps the solution uniformly mixed?
The kinetic energy of the moleculesin the solution
-
the more solute in the solution, the greater the ______
concentration
-
Suspensions:
mixtures in which the kinetic energy of the molecules is not sufficient to maintain the large solute particles evenly dispersed with in the solvent
-
Colloid:
a mixture of fine particles that do not settle out
-
colloids are often in two stages
- gel phase- semisolid state
- sol phase- fluid state
-
Acid:
compound that releases hydrogen ions when placed in water
-
Base:
compound that releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water
-
Substances that affect the rate of a reaction are called:
catalyst
-
A nucleotide has three parts:
-
4 bases found in DNA:
- adenine
- thymine
- cytosine
- guanine
-
Isotonic:
when the concentrationof solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell
-
Hypotonic:
when the solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of solutes that the solution inside the cell (cells will burst from access of water) cytolysis
-
Hypertonic:
when the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell (collapses b/c it secretes soo much water to help equalize the water outside) plasmolysis
-
Entropy:
the increase in randomness and loss of useble energy
-
1st law of thermodynamics-
energy can neither be created nor destroyed
-
2nd law of thermodynamics-
whenever energy is used, some of it is rendered unusable.
-
the two basic units of the physical universe are ____ and ______
matter and energy
-
An atom is the smallest unit of an
element
-
An atom having a negative or positive charge is an
ion
-
the subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom are _____ and______
nuetrons and protons
-
diffusion and osmosis are a form of ______ transport.
passive
-
cytology-
the study of cells
-
"cork" cells were first identified by
Robert Hook
-
The cell theory:
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells carry on the functions of all living things
- Cells come from pre-existing cells
-
Processes carried on by cells: nutrition
- absorbtion- the transport of dissolved substances into cells
- digestion- the enzymatic breakdown of substances
-
internal functions carried on by cells
- synthesis- the putting together of organic compounds
- respiration- the breakdown of food with the release of energy
- movement- locomotion and internal movement
- irritability- the ability to respond to stimuli
-
releasing materials carried on by cells
- excretion- the elimination of soluble waste materials
- egestion- the elimination of nonsoluble, nondigestible wastes
- secretion- the synthesizing and release of materials
-
continuing existence by cells
- homeostasis- maintaining the steady state
- reproduction- the formation of new cells
-
A _______ organism consists of only one cell
unicellular
-
a _________ organism consists of of many cells
multicellular
-
a ________ is a group of similar cells living together; they can exist alone if they are moved from the other cells
colony
-
a ________ consists of similar cells that are grouped together and perform similar functions. they cannot exist by themselves.
tissue
-
an ______ consists of tissues that are grouped together to perform a specific function
organ
-
a ________ is a group of organs working together to perform life's functions
system
-
Types of cells:
- prokaryotic- cells do not have a true nucleus and have a nonmembrane organelles
- eukaryotic- cells have a true nucleus with membranes around it and cytoplasmic organelles
-
Cellular boundries:
- plasma membrane- outermost boundry of the cell
- cell wall- rigid structure surrounding the cell
- capsule, sheath, slime coat- outer covering found on some cells; function is to protect
-
Cytoplasm of the cells
- cytoplasmic matrix- the watery substance made of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
- ribosome- site of protein synthesis
- endoplasmic reticulum- a channel for the movement of substances
- mitochondria- power house
- plastids- membrane bound organelles found only in plants
- golgi body- synthesize and package complex polysaccharides
- lysosomes- contain enzymes to digest
- vacuoles- sacs that contain food, water, or wastes
- centrioles- function in cell division; occur in pairs
- flagella- tubular extension
- cilia- hairlike extensions
-
2 types of plastids:
- leucoplasts- store starch and oil
- chromoplasts- contain pigment and manufacture sugar
-
types of vacuoles
- phagocytic- engulf large food particles
- waste- release wastes outside the cell
- central- fill w/ water and result in turgor pressure
- contractilecollect and release excess water outside the cell
-
vesicle- small vacuoles
- secretion- secrete materials made by the ER and golgi bodies
- pinocytic- fluid filled sacs pinched off cellular embrane
-
Nucleus- control center of the cell
- nuclear envelope- double membrane around nucleus; has large pores
- chromatin material- DNA and protective protein found in nucleus
- nucleolus- contain RNA
-
Tolerance of the cell
- optimal range- the cell functions well
- range of tolerance- cell remains alive but does not function properly
- limit of tolerance- cell dies
-
How substances enter cells
- passive transport- uses no cellular energy
- passive mediated transport- uses no cellular energy; requires special factors
- active transport- requires cellular energy
-
factors that determine if a molecule will pass through a cellular membrane:
- size of molecule
- weight of molecule
- shape of molecule
- charge of moleule
- fat solubility of molecule
- permeability of membrane
- concentration of molecule
-
endocytosis:
process a cell uses to transport substance in bulk across the membrane
-
exocytosis:
process whereby vesicles or vacuoles in the cyto0plasm fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the solution outside the cell
-
Autotrophic organism-
organisms that make their own energy
-
Heterotrophic organism-
organisms that depend on another organism for their energy
-
the major products of photsynthesis are:
glucose and oxygen
-
a phosphorous-containing compound that stores energy
ATP
-
Chlorophyll a-
primary catalyst of photosynthesis
-
The man who discovered much of the information we know about photosynthesis
Calvin
-
the most important function of chlorophyll is to:
absorb light
-
The dark phase of photosynthesis occurs in the:
stroma of the chloroplasts
-
Anaerobic process does not use
oxygen
-
cellular respiration refers to
the breakdown of glucose into a usable cellular energy
-
the breakdown of glucose by enzyme action without the presence of oxygen is :
fermentation
-
the process that is considered the most energy efficient is
aerobic cellular respiration
-
the primary need of all cells is
energy
-
the primary photosynthetic organisms are _______ and _______.
green plant; algae
-
the two phases of photosynthesis:
light and dark phase
-
the second phase of photosynthesis produces:
glucose
-
the nitrogen containing base that is found only in RNA:
uracil
-
tha molecule that delivers amino acids to the ribosomes is:
t-RNA
-
Each m-RNA codes for an:
amino acid
-
The DNA code is carried from the nucleus to the ribosome by the
m-RNA
-
the destuctive phase of metabolism is
catabolism
-
Sections of a chromosome that code for a trait are called:
genes
-
your diploid chromosome number is
46
-
when two haploid gametes unite, they form a diploid cell called a
zygote
-
An Austian monk who established the first laws and principles of heredity was:
Mendel
-
possessing a pair of identical alleles for one trait is the:
homozygous condition
-
if an organism has 2 differentalleles for a single trait, the organism is said to be:
heterozygous
-
to visualize mendel's theories, a geographical representaion is used called a
punnettt square
-
a trait carried only on the X chromosome is
sexlinked
-
the principle of genetics involved when one gene in a pair masks or prevents the expression of the other is called the principle of ________ and _____
dominant and recessive
-
a condition in which both the alleles of a heterozygous condition are expressed
incomplete dominance
-
autosomes are chromosomes that are not
sex chromosomes
-
name the phases of mitosis
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
-
the triplet of bases is called
codon
-
the branch of biology that deals with the classification of organisms into groups
taxonomy
-
binomial nomenclature:
the method of two-name naming
-
the main form of reproduction for most bacteria
binary fission
-
when conditions becomes unfavorable for life, some bacteria form:
endospores
-
natural genetic transferin bacteria
conjugation
-
the individual who developed smallpox vaccine
Jenner
-
bacteria that use non-living organic matter for food are
saprophytic
-
in order for bacteria to grow, conditions must be in proper range
- pH
- moisture
- temperature
- nutrition
-
compare and contrast archaebacteria and eubacteria
- both are prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic, and reproduce sexually
- Archaebacteria live in extreme enviornments and Eubacteria contain peptidoglychen in their cell wall
-
Simple viruse contain a core of
nucleic acid
-
viruses destroy the cell they invade
lytic cycle
-
the time between contracting a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms
incubation period
-
viroids:
short single strands of circular RNA
-
prions:
abnormal form of protein normally found in cells that is thought to cause certain diseases
-
Most protozoans are classified into phyla based on their
locomotion
-
algae in the kingdom protista are classified into 5 phyla based primarily on their
thallus
-
taxis:
response to a stimuli
-
-
primary method by which the euglena obtain its food is
photosynthesis
-
dinoflagelletes are responsible for
red tide
-
algal bloom:
overgrowth of algae
-
long chain of algal cells
filaments
-
thallus:
basic unit of algae
-
secreting enzymes outside of the organism and then absorbing the digested food is
external digestion
-
the cell walls of most fungi are composed of
chitin
-
hyphae:
the bodies of most true fungi are composed of slender filaments
-
the entire mass of interwined hyphae formed by a fungus
mycelia
-
athlete's foot fungus belongs in phylum
ascomycota
-
the imperfect fungi are unique because they have no known
form of sexual reproduction
-
the hyphae that produce spores
sporophous
-
on the gills of the mushroom basidia produce
basidiospores
-
the stalk of a mushroom
stipe
-
symbiosis:
a relationship in whic two organisms benefit from one another
-
Lichens:
algae and fungi living in a symbiotic relationship
-
An organism that is permenantly attached to the ground is
sessile
-
organisms with systems of tough plates protecting them have an
exoskeleton
-
ventral side:
bottom half; belly
-
dorsal side:
top half; back
-
-
bilateral symmetry:
cuts top to bottom; cuts organism into equal halves
-
a jelly-like layer found in sponges is the
mesinechyme
-
cells that help digest food are
ameobocytes
-
-
muscular throat cavity:
pharynx
-
an organism that possesses both male and female reproductive organs
hermaphroditic
-
hookwork:
parasitic roundworm
-
the earthworm respires through
skin
-
-
the shell of a mollusk:
valve
-
starfish uses _____________- for locomotion and capturing food
water vascular system
-
the external skeleton of arthropods:
chitin
-
the cephalothorax of the crayfish is protected by
carapace
-
a sac that helps the crayfish keeps its balance
statocyst
-
the crayfish has an ________ ciculatory system
open
-
how do crayfish breathe?
gills
-
where are the swimmerets located and what is their function?
ventral abdomen; swimming, cleaning off parasites, carrying eggs
-
-
fish of the class osteichthyyes are
bony fish
-
air bladder:
controls depth on bony fish
-
countershading:
form of camoflage; protection
-
spawning:
when female fish release eggs
-
organisms that produce live offspring that have been nurtured to birth through a placenta are
viviporous
-
fish have a sensory organ that detect vibrations in the water
lateral line
-
the fin used to propel the animal through the water is called the
caudel fin
-
name 3 characteristics that place animals into phylum chordata
- dorsal notochord
- dorsal tubular chord
- pharyngeal pouches
-
mammals teeth used for cutting and gnawing
incisors
-
muscle that separates the lungs frokm the abdominal organs
diaphragm
-
oxygen and nutrients are exchanged b/w the mother and embryoin most mammals through the
placenta
-
female reproductive structure that contains the unborn mammal
uterus
-
organ that produces milk for feeding the young
mammary glands
-
mammalian order marsupialia in North America is represented by
opossum
-
animals that chew the cud are
ruminants
-
bacteria in the rumen help digest
cellulose
-
characteristics that separate the class mammalia from other vertebrae classes
- breathe air
- endothermic
- four-chambered heart
- specialized teeth
- produce milk for young
- have hair
-
2 ungulate orders
- perissodatyla- odd-toed
- artiodactyla- even-toed
-
what characteristic separates the 2 ungulate orders?
# of toes
-
which order is considered clean according to Jewish dietary law?
even-toed; they have rumens
-
why is the pig considered unclean?
it doesnt chew the cud
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