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The smallest stable units of matter
Atoms
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The Three Types of Subatomic Particles
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
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Positive charge; weight of approximately 1 Dalton
Proton
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No charge; weight similar to protons
Neutron
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Negative charge; weight of 1/1836th Dalton
Electron
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Determines an element's atomic number
The number of protons in an atom
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An ion with a positive charge
Cation
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Classified on the basis of their atomic number.
Classification of Elements
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Atoms whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons (different mass #)
Isotopes
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The total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus that helps designate a particular isotope
Mass Number
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Determines an atom's chemical behavior
Eletron Arrangement
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Determines the reactivity of the element
Outermost Electron Shell
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Elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes
Inert
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A chemical structure sufficiently stable, electrically neutral group consisting of at least two atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule
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A chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements, regardless of the type of bond joining them
A Compound
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The Three Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic
- Covalent (non-polar and polar)
- Hydrogen
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A chemical bond that has an ATTRACTION between positive cations and negative anions
Ionic Bond
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A chemical bond that creates an UNEQUAL SHARING of electrons. Example: in a water molecule, an oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms
Polar Covalent Bond
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A chemical bond that cannot create molecules, but can CHANGE MOLECULAR SHAPES or pull molecules together
Hydrogen Bonds
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The weakest type of chemical bond
Hydrogen Bond
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A type of reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments AB ---> A + B
Decomposition Reaction
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A type of reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components A + B ---> AB
(the opposite of decomposition)
Synthesis Reaction
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A type of reaction that shuffles parts of the reacting molecules around
AB + CD ---> AD + CB
Exchange Reaction
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Chemical reactions are theoretically believed to be
A + B <---> AB
Freely Reversible
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Promotes chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
Enzymes
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A class of substances that enzymes belongs to
Catalysts
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Compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
Catalysts
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Reactions that release energy (heat)
Exergonic
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A chemical reaction requiring more energy to begin the reaction than is released as it proceeds; absorbs energy
Endergonic
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Consists of all the molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies
Metabolites
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The Two Classifications of Metabolites
Organic and Inorganic
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Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen as their primary structural component
Organic Compounds
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Compounds that ARE NOT primarily carbon and hydrogen
Inorganic Compounds
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Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in a solution
Electrolytes
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Examples of Electrolytes
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium
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Water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a solute and a mixute of ions are created (electrolytes)
Ionization Process
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A pH level above 7
Basic (alkaline)
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A solution that has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions
Basic (alkaline) pH > 7
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An organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1
Carbohydrate
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The most important metabolic "fuel" in the body
Glucose
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Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (the same types and numbers of atoms, but different shapes)
Isomers
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Has many side branches all consisting of chains of glucose molecules
Polysaccharide Glycogen (animal starch)
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Make and stores glycogen
Liver Tissues and Muscle Tissues
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The molecular formula for a monounsaturated fatty acid, which contains only ONE DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
H-C=C-C-H
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The molecular formula for a polyunsaturated fatty acid, which contains MULTIPLE COVALENT BONDS
H-C=C=C=C-H
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A type of fatty acid where each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon tail has four single covalent bonds
Saturated Fatty Acid
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A type of fatty acid where some of the carbon-to-carbon bondsare double covalent bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
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A type of fatty acid that has a single unsaturated double covalent bond in the hydrocarbon tail
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
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A type of fatty acid that has multiple unsaturated double covalent bonds
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
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Three Types of Structural Lipids
Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Glycolipids
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Known as a structural STEROIDAL lipid
Cholesterol
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A class of structural lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes because they can form lipid bilayers
Phospholipids
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A type of bond that creates a covalent bond between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
Peptide Bond
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Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Peptides
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A type of protein structure that results from the bonds that develop between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain (contains subdivisions alpha-helix and flat pleated sheet
Secondary Structure (amino acid interactions)
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Large proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans-the carbohydrate part) covalently attached to their polypeptide side-chains
Glycoproteins
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A type of protein that are glycoproteins and are heavily glycosylated
Proteoglycans
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An acid that stores and processes information at the molecular level, inside cells
Nucleic Acids
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Makes up nucleic acid
Nucleotides
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The Three Components to Each Nucleotide
- A Sugar
- A Phosphate Group
- A Nitrogenous Base
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