Immunology

• 1.Eukaryote, uni/multicellular
• 2. Eukaryote, uni/multicellular
• 3. Prokaryote, unicellular DNA with no introns
• 4. Acellular

• 1. Immunocompromised
• 2. Normal flora in wrong cavity
• 3. inappropriate growth of normal flora

• Microorganisms elicit a measurable immune response by the host.
• can have :
• Asymptomatic carrier - no disease over several incubation periods
• Incubatory Carrier- Disease will occur after incubation period.

• Organisms that cause tissue damage.
• Convalescent Carrier state- Organisms shed after patient recovers from clinical disease.

• The peptidoglycan layer is thick and exposed to the EXF. It stains Blue.
• It has LTA (lipoteichoic acids) and TA (teichoic acids) that hold the Peptidoglycan membrane together.
• 

• Thin walled Peptidoglycan wall- inbetween membranes. stains pinkHas LPS (lipopolysaccharids) and Porins (pores) in the outer membrane.
• 

• Lipopolysaccharide.
• has :
• Lipid A region- is a surface antigen on the gram neg bacteria
• Core polysaccharide- for integrity
• O antigen- is an endotoxin but makes a bad immunogen

• Peptidoglycan,mycolic acid,trehalose dimycolate ,Liparabinomannan,Arbinogalactan
• This cell wall resists intracellular killing

No peptidoglycan, cannot be stained with gram stain. has a membrane with cholesterol in it.

• Only found in spirochetes.
• Flagellin covered with outer sheath.
• Not mang targets for the immunsystem

• Only on gram negative
• used for adhesion or transport of bacterial material (sex pilli)
• Type 1: a channel
• Type 3: acts like a syringe to inject toxins.

• Around individual cells
• used for adhesion and protection
• Composition: Mucopolysaccharides and Polypeptides (both are poor immunogens)
• glycocalyx

• Surround populations of cells.
• Used for adhesion and protection
• Composed of Mucopolysaccharides
• Produced when population reaches a cirtain size

• Only formed when cell is in adverse conditions
• coat components are PAMPS
• not formed in humans

• Proteins secreted by bacteria
• Specific
• Produced by both gram neg and pos
• Three types:
• 1. A-B toxin (B binds, A activity)- neutralized by antibodies
• 2. Membrane Disrupting Toxin (cytolytic)- create a pore- antibodies recognize them
• 3. Superantigens- antibodies recognize

• LPS
• Structural component of bacteria
• when the cell lyses it releases these. They act as PAMPs and poor immunogens.However, they can cause Toxic shock when at high concentrations.

• Binary Fission
• Autolysin is secreted to thin the existing cell wall
• regulated by surface to volume retio

• No nuclear membrane
• single circular, coiled chromosome
• plasmids
• Double stranded DNA
• Haploid
• Require Sigma factors for division,
• And have either Mono or polycistronic mRNA messages

• Antigenic Variation
• Genetic Recombinition
• Gene transfer

• Transformation- transfer of DNA (Gram Negative. cells must be related)
• Conjugation- movement of DNA between two bacteria (sex pili,coded for and mediated by F factor)
• Transduction- transfer genetic material through a virus
• Transposition- movement of transposons between genome plasmid (flanked by inverted repeats)

when some plasmids get integrated into the host chromosome because they contain insertion sequences.

• Integration of donor DNA to the recipient chromosome.
• 1. Homogenious: requires long region of homology. Loss of old replaced by new.
• 2. Specific: Requires only a small region of homology,Foreign DNA may be circular or linear to start, No
• loss of genetic material, End result is the sum of the existing genome plus the integrated DNA