The use of shading to enhance naturalness in painting and drawing
Chiaroscuro
Education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and cultural life
Civic Humanism
Military brokers who furnished mercenary forces to the Italian states during the Renaissance
Condottieri
Meanin "conquerors". The Spanish conquerors of the New World
Conquistadores
The grant by the Spanish crown to a colonist of the labor of a specific number of Indians for a set period of time.
Encormienda
The royal tax on salt in France
Gabelle
The agreement in 1356 to establish a seven-member electoral college of German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emeperor
Golden Bull
A large landed estate in Spanish America
Hacienda
The study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the Church Fathers both for their own sake and to promote a rebirth of ancient norms and values.
Humanism
The Roman name for liberal arts education.
Humanitas
A style of art in the mid to late sixteenth century that permitted artists to express their own "manner" or feelings in contrast to the symmetry and simplicity of the art of the High Renaissance.
Mannerism
Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models.
Platonism
The revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Renaissance
During the Renaissance, a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, philosophy, and politics.