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Northwest Ordinance
- 1787
- barred slavery from territories north of Ohio River
- year of Constitutional Convention
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William Lloyd Garrison
- wanted immediate end to slavery; abolitionist
- told reality of slavery in his newspaper
- January 1, 1831, published newpaper: The Liberator
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Uncle Tom's Cabin
- extremely influential
- showed reality of slavery cruelty
- huge success, millions of people read
- published in 1852
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Frederick Douglass
- slave on Maryland plantation
- owner refused him education, so he tricked white playmates into teaching him the alphabet
- later sent to new owner in Baltimore whose wife taught him reading & writing
- escaped to Massachusetts, became famous speaker for justice
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Sojourner Truth
- born Isabella Brumfree in 1797
- freed by a NY law in 1827
- became deeply religious
- became great orator & most effective of women abolitionists
- after Civil War, became a champion of women's rights
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Underground Railroad & Harriet Tubman
- 1830s~1860s
- a network to protect AAs from capture
- Northern Quakers were 1st to shelter runaways
- from 1830~1860, prob 2,500 slaves a year took railroad to freedom
- constant danger
- Harriet Tubman: Liberty or death
- Helped hundreds of slaves
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The Missouri Compromise
- 1820
- Missouri applied in 1819 as a slave state
- North refused b/c then Senate would be imbalanced in favor of South
- Maine was created out of Massachusetts, inducted as free state to balance
- 36 degrees, 30 mins = line, above=free, below=slave
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Compromise of 1850
- California became free state
- Popular sovereignty
- compromise included "Fugitive Slave Law" to gain Southern support
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
- 1854
- Bill to organize 2 new terriotories: Kansas & Nebraska but Missouri Compromise had barred slavery in that area
- new proposal to repeal Missouri Compromise
- question of slavery decided by popular sovereignty
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Dred Scott case
- 1857
- tried to sue for freedom b/c he had lived in free state
- Supreme Court ruled that AAs couldnt sue b/c they were not citizens, b/c neither Declaration nor Constitution were meant to apply to them
- Slaves are property of owner, property cannot have "standing"
- Ruled that Missouri Comp. was unconstituional, b/c slavery was a property right
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John Brown's Raid
- Harper's Ferry, 1859
- Planned a slave uprising
- Raided a federal arsenal for weapons, failed
- seen as a martyr later on
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Presidential Election
- 1860
- Lincoln was elected president
- Republican (liberal, anti-slavery)
- Aim was not to end slavery, but to prevent its spread into the West
- Main support came from N & W, Democrats lost b/c vote was split between N & S democrats
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Secession
- 1861
- South was outraged at Lincoln's election, they seceded from the Union
- South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
- Formed Confederate States
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Civil War
- Fort Sumter = first shots fired (0 died)
- 1861~1865
- Bloodiest war in U.S. History; 629,000 wounded/killed, including 38,000 AAs
- Union had 22mil ppl, Confedarcy had 8mil
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Emancipation Proclamation
- 1863
- Lincoln's "savvy" move
- Appeased northerners, did not anger border states, "freed" southern slaves
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Reconstruction
- 1863 was turning point of war; April 9, 1865, South surrendered
- Gov. had to decide how to rebuild the Union
- Andrew Johnson became President
- 13th Amendment ended slavery
- Freedmen's Bureau
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13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
- Banned slavery
- All citizens given equal protection under law
- Gives men of any race the right to vote, 600 AAs serve in state legislation
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Jim Crow Laws
- Established segregation as law
- Used "separate-but-equal" excuse
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
- Supreme Court ruled that as long as facilities for whites & blacks were equal, they could be kept separate
- Reasoned that 14th Amendment "could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based on color"
- "Separate-but-Equal"
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