chapter 3 terms

political unit whose people share a sense of common identity

system of gov in which ultimate authority rests with the regional govs.

system of gov. in which ultimate authority rests with the national gov.

system of gov. in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between national and state govs

rule by the people

powers expressly granted to congress by the constitution

gives congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper to the powers enumerated in section 8

powers retained by the states under the constitution

authority of the states to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their citizens

powers held by both the national and state gov in a federal system

provides a federal gov guarantee that the states will have a republican form of gov.

prevents the federal gov and the state gov from denying any person due process of law

prevents the states from denying any person the equal protection of the law

makes federal law supreme over state laws

doctrine by which extensive federal regulation can prevent regulation by the states

powers not expressly granted to congress but added through the necessary and proper clause

doctrine holding that states cannot be sued w/out their permission

gives congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, with indian tribes, and among the various states

requires states to accept civil proceedings from other states

Requires states to treat nonresidents equally to residents

view that the constitution adn the federal government derive from the people, not the states

the states created the constitution and the fed. gov.

states have strong independent authority to resist federal rules under the constitution

right of states to invalidate acts of congress they believe to be illegal

supreme court decision upholding the right of congress to create a bank

interpretation of the constitution that goes beyond the plain meaning fo the specific words used

Supreme court decision giving broad latitude to congress under the commerce clause

Supreme Court decision prohibiting Congress from regulating slavery in the territories

limited congressional authority to prohibit private discrimination under the 14th amendment

doctrine holding that states and federal governments have almost completely separate functions

prohibits discrimination in employment, education, and places of public accommodation

gives the federal gov the right to prevent discrimination in voting rights

shifting of power back to the states beginning with the Nixon administration

Money from Congress to the states that has to be spent in specific categories

money from congress to the states that could be spent however the states wanted

money from congress to the states that had to be spent in broad, rather than specific categories

campaign proposal containing ten legislative initiatives used by republicans running for the house of reps in 1994

shifting of power from the national gov. to the states

congressional requirements on the states to undertake particular activities; states object particularly to unfunded mandates

power given to some governors to veto parts of appropriations bills

one very large bill that encompasses many separate bills, to help ensure passage

process for selecting state judges whereby the original nomination is by appointment and subsequent retention is by a retention election.

election in which voters determine whether a state judge, originally appointed under a merit plan, should be retained in the state court system

local gov. system in which the legislative branch hires a manager to run the executive branch.

citizens can remove state officials prior to the end of their elected term of office

citizens place a proposed law on the ballot for public approval

process by which public approval is required before states can pass certain laws

policies that grant racial or gender preferences in hiring, education, or contracting

form of democracy in which political power is exercised directly by citizens

set of lobbies that represent the interests of state and local governments

policy ideas and programs initiated by one state spread to other states

situation in which states compete with one another to lower protections and services below the level they might otherwise prefer.

cost of democracy borne by those ppl in the minority, who on one or more issues live under the rules set by the majority