-
Face-time
time spent interacting with others on a face-to-face basis
-
group
any collection of people
-
aggregate
collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, but share little else in common (shoppers, airline passengers, fans @ sporting event)
-
category
a number of people who may have never met one another but share a similar characteristic (age, gender, race)
-
Primary:
small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time.
-
Secondary
larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time
-
Ingroup
people in group feel sense of identity
-
Outgroup
ppl who do not belong may feel sense of hostility or competitiveness
-
reference group
group that strongly influences a person's behavior & social attitudes, regardless of whether that indiv. Is an actual member
-
network
web of social relationships that link one person with other and through and, through them, with others they know
-
small group
collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously
-
-
-
coalition
alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal
-
absolute size
number of members the group actually has
-
relative size
number of potential members
-
instrumental leadership
goal- or task-oriented leadership
-
expressive leadership
provides emotional support for members
-
authoritarian leadership style
makes all major group decisions and assigns tasks to members
-
democratic leadership style
leaders encourage group discussion & decision making through consensus building
-
laissez-faire leadership style
minimally involved in decision making and who encourages group members to make their own decision
-
conformity
process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with norms established by a society, subculture, or both.
-
Groupthink
process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise
-
utilitarianism
the purpose of all action should be to bring about the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people.
-
Social exchange theories
Self-interest basic motivating factor in people's interactions
-
rational choice theories
social life can be explained using models of rational individual action
-
normative organization
for pursuit of common interest or gaining of personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member (political parties, activist groups, religious groups)
-
coercive organizations
non-voluntary organizations (prison, mental hospitals, etc.)
-
utilitarian organizations
voluntary, provide material reward (professional groups)
-
bureaucracy
organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, clear division of labor, explicit rules & procedures, impersonality in personnel matters.
-
Rationality
process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality & spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules & procedures.
-
Ideal type
abstract model that describes recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (communism, bureaucracy)
-
informal side of bureaucracy
those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities & interactions that ignore, bypass, or don't correspond with the official rules & procedures of the bureaucracy.
-
Human relations approach
views informal networks as a type of adaptive behavior that workers engage in because they experience a lack of congruence between their own needs and the demands of the organization.
-
Goal displacement
process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than the means to an end � organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals
-
bureaucratic personality
psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly
-
iron law of oligarchy
tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people (Michels)
-
humanize bureaucracy
attempt in 1980's to establish an organizational environment that develops rather than impedes human resources, overshadowed by globalization
|
|