BIO Lecture Chap. 1,2

The Study of living things

• DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid

• Atom
• Molecule
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Multicellular organism
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

Pure substance that cannot be broken down and retains properties

Smallest chemical unit of an element

2 or more atoms of the same or different element joined in a specific ratio

Basic structural and functional unit of life

• 2 or more atoms of different elements joined in a specific ratio
• H2O

• 1. Proteins
• 2. Carbohydrates
• 3. Lipids
• 4. Nucleic Acids

• Amoeba
• Bacteria

• Sponge
• Toadstool
• Human

Like cells arranged and working together

2 or more tissues combined and working together

multiple organs combined and work together

A group of the same organisms in a particular location

All the organisms in a particular location

All living and nonliving things in the environment (soil, water, air as well)

Parts of the planet where life is existing

The "whole" is equal to more than the sum of the parts

The Sun

Unidirectional: one way flow from sun to organisms

• AKA autotrophs
• take light energy and convert it into glucose through photosynthesis to create ATP

• AKA heterotrophs
• Cannot make own glucose- must take in organic compounds (like glucose)

• Eat dead or decaying things
• Heterotrophs

The universal curring of Energy

• No, as energy is passed from the Sun to decomposers, the amount of energy is lessened
• We give off heat

Maintaining the same environment

• 1. Organization
• 2. Energy Use
• 3. Maintenance of internal constancy
• 4. Reproduction, growth, and development
• 5. Evolution

Changes of population over time

• Making exact replicas
• Better in a static environment

Needs two species in special environment

• Devised a binomial system for naming organisms
• Genus and Species
• Homo Sapians

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

• Only make bacteria
• Simpler, smaller
• Have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribozomes, and DNA

• Makes up all living organisms except bacteria
• Have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribozomes, and DNA

• A general way of organizing an investigation
• 1. Make observations
• 2. ask a question
• 3. Form a hypothesis
• 4. Design a controlled experiment
• 5. Collect and interpret data
• 6. Draw conclusions
• 7. Retest

• a tenative explanation based on previous knowledge
• Must be testable

Used to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions

Scientists independently evaluate the validity of the methods, data, and conclusions

Used to determine whether it influences some other phenomenon

The response to the independent variable that the scientist measures

Anything that the scientist holds constant for all subjects in the experiment

the group that does not get the independent variable

The group that gets the independent variable

An inert substance that resembles the treatment given to the experimental group

neither researchers nor the participants know who received the substance being evaluated and who received the placebo

• An explanation for a natural phenomenon
• Broader than a hypothesis

the number of protons in the nucleus

An atom that has gained or lost electrons and therefore has a net negative or positive charge

the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

• any of the different forms of a single element
• Have same chemical properties, but different mass numbers b/c of different number of neutrons

• AKA atomic weight
• the average mass of all isotopes

• isotopes emit energy as rays or particles when they break down into more stable forms
• Has a half life

• Two or more chemically joined atoms
• Can be the same or different atoms

A molecule composed of two or more different elements

• the most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus
• Can hold up to two electrons

• a group of orbitals that share the same level
• # of orbitals in each shell determines the # of electrons the shell can hold

• its outermost occupied energy shell
• Atoms most stable when their valence shells are full

An attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule

• Forms when two atoms share electrons
• Each single bond holds two electrons
• Can have double and triple bonds
• Has the strongest bond

When there is an electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges

• When opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules attract each other
• Partial positive=hydrogen
• Partial negative=oxygen

• The tendency of water molecules to stick together
• Water sticking to water

The tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances

• A chemical in which other substances dissolve
• Usually water

The chemical which the substance is dissolved in a solvent

Consists of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent

• When substances readily dissolve in water
• Examples- sugar, salt, and ions

• water fearing- do not dissolve in water
• Why water alone will not remove oil from face

The conversion of a liquid into a vapor

• Making sure that a compound is stabilized
• Sweating and shivering to maintain the body's temp.

• When two or more molecules swap their atoms to yield different milecules
• Reactants (left) and products (right)

Has the exact same amount of H+ and OH-

• a chemical that adds H+ to a solution, making the concentrration of H= ions exceed the concentration of OH- ions
• Example- HCL and H2SO4
• 0-7 pH

• Makes the concentration of OH- ions exceed the concentration of H= ions
• Examples- NaOH
• 7-14 pH
• AKA Alkalines

• Used to guage how acidic or basic a solution is
• goes from 0-14
• The higher the number, the less H+ concentration

• when pairs of weak acids and basis resist pH changes
• Example- H2CO3

• Chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen
• Example- CH4 methane