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pathology:
science of study of disease.
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etiology
cause of a disease
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epidimiology
science studies the incedence and causes of a disease.
communicable disease; contagiouse and cought. ex the flu
non comunicable= non contagiouse- heart attack.
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infection
invasion by a pathogen.
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normal flora
organisms that live on/in host w/o causing a disease.
-they have a symbiotic role.
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determination of cause of a disease
the disease would have to pass or follow the four steps of kuch's postulates.
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agencies in keeping track of disease
center of disease control/ prevention in Atlanta Georgia.
morbility mortality weekly report
world health organization
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CDC
center for disease control and preventioon
in Atlanta, GA
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MMWR
morbidity- # of individuals having a particular disease w/in a given amount of time.
mortality- # of death for a disease.
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reporting communcable/ infectous disease
- 1. local health authorities
- 2. county health authorities.
- 3. state department of health.
- 4. CDC.
- 5. WHO.
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endemic:
disesase constantly present in a reletively small # of victims.
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epedemic:
unusaul occurance of a disease in a high # population in a limmited amount of time.
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pandemic:
series of epedemics affecting affecting several areas of the world.
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speradic:
disease that appear at irregular and unussaul periods of time.
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how disease are communicated:
resevior of infection- host or local enviornment that supprts the survival and multiplication of the pathogen.
- includes:
- -1.humans
- -2.other animals.
- -3.insects.
- -4.food/ drink (contaminated)
- -5.soil.
- -6.fomites- contaminated
- inanimate objects.
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direct contact:
- lesions
- respiratory secretions
- ~sneeze, cough, saliva0- kissing and speaking.
- example: cold, polio, sore throat
- hands carry enteropathic (bowel/feces)
- hands-oral.
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indirect contact:
- person carrying pathogen transmits it to something else.
- ex: person to food
- -botulism
- -food piosoning
- person eating/drinking from utensils.
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air borne disease:
-particles furming in the air, contaminated with a pathogen.
- A.dust particles.
- B. droplet nuclei- contain moisture.
they stay suspended in the air and u breath them in.
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fomites:
- inanmate objects
- surgical instuements, glass, linnens.
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accidental transmision:
- -via inhalation
- -self injection
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insect vectors:
carries pathogen w/o having the infection.
if it carries the pathogen outside of the body= mechanical transmission. (flies)
if it carries the pathogen w/ in the body= biological transmission.
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zoonoses:
- infection transmittecd by lower animals.
- rats, bats, dogs etc.
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hospital aquired:
- nosocomial infections
- hospital= resevoir of infections.
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chemotherapy:
use of chemicals to kill or interfere with the org. causing the disease eityh out harming the host.
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antibiotics:
any substance made by an org. to kill or inhibit another org.
- today we have
- -naturally occuring
- -sythetic
- -semisynthetic
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static:
to keep alive but not allow to reproduce.
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principles of chemotherapy:
1. reletively non-toxic to the host, while selectively toxic to the pathogen.
2. must reach desired body sight in effective dosage. (minimum inhibatory concentration MIC)
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what effects the MIC?
- route
- initial dosage
- patients health
- allergies
- nature of pathogen
- site of infection
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combination therapy:
2 or more diff. drugs @ once. has a less effect than one drug by itslef.
this is known as a synergistic effect.
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organism must be sensitive to drug in MIC
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inhibition of formation of certain vtal metabolites.
sulfa drugs.
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inhibition of cell wall formation.
penecillins, becitracin
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