Biology

A group of individual organsims similar in appearance whose members are able to interbreed freely to produce fertile offspring

The place where an organism lives

The variety of life- the range of living organisms to be found

• Bacteria 4000+
• Protocista 80 000+
• Fungi 70 000+
• Plants 293 000+
• Invertibrates 1 280 000+

• Quadrats- square, gridded, point frame
• Transect- line, belt

• Sweep netting
• Pitfall trap
• Tullgren funnel
• Light trap

The process of sorting living things into groups

Study of the principles of classification

Study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

• No nucleus
• Have a loop of naked DNA
• No membrane bound organelles
• Smaller ribosomes
• Carry out respiration not in mitochondria
• Smaller cells

• Eukaryotes
• Mostly single celled
• Free living
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic nutrition

• Eukaryotes
• Have a mycelium
• Walls made of chitin
• Cytoplasm is multinucleate
• Free living
• Saprophytic

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Cellulose cell wall
• Autotrophic nutrition

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic nutrition
• Eggs

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukaryotae

The presence of differences between individuals

• Where there are two extremes and a range of intermediate values
• Eg height, length of leaves/stalk

• where there are two or more distinct categories with no intermediate values
• Eg sex, bacteria with flagella, human blood group

• Genetic: inheriting a combination of alleles
• Environmental: affected by environment, such as tanning

• a feature that enhances survival and long-term reproductive success
• Behavioural: aspect of behaviour, examples-stomata, rolling leaves up
• Physiological: ensuring the correct functioning of cell processes, examples-yeast respiring
• Anatomical: structure, example-flagellum

• offspring generally appear similar to their parents
• no two individuals are identical
• organisms have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring
• populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

• formation of a new species
• caused by reproductive barriers

• fossils
• DNA
• molecules

• 1. variation must occur before evolution can take place
• 2. once variation exists, then the environment can'select'. It will select those variations that give an advantage
• 3. individuals with an advantage will survive and reproduce
• 4. therefore they pass on their advantageous characteristics (inheritance)
• 5. the next generation will be better adapted to their environment. Over time the group of organisms becomes well adapted to its environment (adaptation)

• economic
• ecological
• ethical
• aesthetic

• attempting to minimise human impact on the natural environment and protecting natural environment
• conservation parks

• conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment
• zoos
• botanical gardens
• seed banks

• CITES: convention on international trade in endangered species
• Rio convention on biodiversity
• EIA: environmental impact assessment