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Social Context
Institutions culture groups interactions that we have that shape people how they think and what they do.
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Social Creatures
Everything we do we do with others. Constantly building and rebuilding relationships. Group people in our mind. (sex, race, religion, ect)
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Social Sciences
- Psychology- studies individual behavior (not big picture)
- Anthropology- Focused on human cultures- see how different societies have evolved.
- Political Science- study of politics, political behavior organization of government.
- Economics- production, consumption, of goods and services.
- Social Work- applied field. take what is learned in economics to help serve people in need.
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Eliiot Liebow
- Tally's Corner
- Washington D.C. in a mostly A.A. neighborhood. Hung out with the people and saw how their lives were and how they lived. Must gain the trust of the people you are studying.
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Sociological Persepctive
See the world through the eyes of others
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Sociological Imagination
ability to see the societal patterns that influence group life.
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C. Wright Mills
- wrote a book about sociological imagination.
- Goal is to understand the individual and the context that shapes our lives.
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Durkheim
- Suicide, depression, biological not individual things but a social factor.
- Collected data from different place. (religion, marital status, urban and rural) Found when group ties are weak people felt disconnected and alone- higher rates of suicide- single, urban areas, Protestant.
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Personalized Approach
Sociological in actions
- Easily done everyday
- tend to stereotype people and categorize by view point
Patterns in actions
Starts at personalized and works to Sociological
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How did Sociology develop?
- Science around 1900's
- Industrialization-changed how people related to each other. country to city
- Major changes in economics- people now working for wages
- Extended families living together
- Produced social issues
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
- Coined the name sociology
- Use same producers as other sciences for social sciences
- Social states and social dynamics
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Social Statics
Social life that have to do with order and stability give
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Social Sciences
Social life that have to do with social change
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
- Political activist
- Focused research on economic environment which societies developed
- historical materialism and mode of production
- Have means of production and is not controlled by haves
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Historical Materialism
Based on importance of real life and materials that determine how people see the world work or creat
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Mode of Procution
Things needed to produce goods and services ex- hand tools, knowledge, wealth, factories.
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Max Weber
- Believed that the study of intentions, values, and beliefs underline why we do what we do.
- Value free sociology- insisted all sociology go into a study with no bias or judgement.
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Emile Durkheim
- How societies are held together.
- Social facts- aspects of social life that are pattern regularities that describe a whole
- Suicide
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Macrosociology
Level of analysis focuses on the relationship among social structures not looking at individuals.
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Microsociology
Level of analysis concerned with people and how they interact in patterned ways and daily social life.
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Structural Functionalism
Assumptions
- 1. Stability- Chief criteria for any social structure and if it continues to the stability of society.
- 2. Harmony- all structures work together for harmony
- 3. Evolution- change over time in society
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Structural Functionalism
Analysis
- 1. What is the nature of this social structure (What patterns exist)
- 2. What are the consequences of this social structure? (does is promote stability harmony?)
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Structural Functionalism
Consequences
- Positive- Functions
- Negative- Dysfunction
- Mainfest- Intended or Recognized
- Latent- Unintended or Unrecognized
- (look at table in notes)
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Conflict Theory
Assumptions
- 1. Competition
- 2. Structural inequality- individuals that benefit like the social structure the way it is.
- 3. Revolution- change occurring between competing issues. Happens fast not over time.
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Conflict Theory
Analysis
- How do they look at society. Ask questions.
- 1. Who benefits from social structure?
- 2. How do those who maintain their advantage?
- Who gets what in society?
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Symbolic Interaction
(look in notes)
- Addresses the subjective meaning of human acts and the processes through we come to develop and share these meanings.
- Assumptions:
- 1. Symbolic meanings are important (words/facial gestures)
- 2. Meanings grow out of relationships of one another
- 3. Meanings are negotiated
- Analysis:
- -How individuals are shaped by relationships and social structures
- -Also focus on the active role of the individual
- Evaluation:
- -Focuses attention on the personal relationships and encounters that are important in everyday lives
- -What we do as individuals take part place within the larger social structure.
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Culture
- All that we do, use, produce, know in order to live in social groups (blue prints of society)
- All humans have these but they can vary.
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Ethnocentrism
When you judge a culture according to your own. Morals, ways of doing things, ect.
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Culture Relativism
Idea that cultures should be studied on their own terms before you can judge.
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Sanctions
- Rewards/punishments use to encourage socially acceptable behavior.
- Formal- People with authority (judge, professor)
- Informal- Can be given by anyone in society
- Positive-Reward
- Negative- Punishment
- (Look at table in notes)
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Social Structure
pattern, reoccurring social relationships
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Social Status
- Positions a person occupies within a social structure.
- Ascribed- status given at birth
- Achieved- One that you earn
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Collective Memory
Experiences shared and recalled by many people. These memories are revived, preserved, shared, and passed on in stories, holidays, rituals and monuments. (holocaust and JFK)
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George Herbert Mead
- (I) Spontaneous, autonomous, creative self, capable of regreting expectations and acting unconventional, inappropriate or unexpected.
- (Me) Learn and internalize society’s expectations about what constitutes appropriate behavior and appearances
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Role Taking
- Imagine how others view me.
- Preparatory Stage- Children have not yet developed metal capabilities that allow them to role take.
- Play Stage- voluntary and often spontaneous activity with favor no formal rules that is not subject to time or place pretend to be significant other.
- Game Stage- structures, organized activities that usually involved more that one person and a number of constraints.
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Agents of Socialization
- In-group- people identify and feel closely attached, especially when attachment is based on opposition towards another
- Out-group- a group toward which members of an in-group feel a sense of separates or opposition
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