DPT 721 Advanced Topics

• Control and organization of processses underlying motor behavior
• (millisecond time frame)

• Acquisition of skill thru practice and experience
• (Hours, days, weeks time frame)

Action, Percetption, Cognition

Stability, Mobility, Manipulation of objects

Regulatory and Nonregulatory

something that a movement MUST conform to in order to carry out the movement effectively and efficently (i.e. size, shape, weight)

Something that may affect performance but movement doesn't have to conform to it. (i.e. background noise or presence of other distractions)

It helps us to interpret actions or behaviors of patients, then apply strategies to help return them to function.

Complex movement behaviors are explained by combined actions of individual reflexes chained together

• Doesn't allow for behavior of movment if stimulus is an intrinsic factor. In other words, all movement must be stimulated from an outside sensory modality.
• There is no explanation for differences in response to stimuli or rapid movements.

Use of reflexes and reflex patterns to facilitate wanted movement or inhibiting those same pathways to control unwanted movement.

Top down control- higher levels of CNS exert control over lower levels.

The lower the input from above the more strong the reflex pathway

Doesn't explain how a bottom up strategy works in the body (e.g. crossed extention reflex when you step on a tack)

Helps to determine the level of lesion and expected recovery a patient might achieve.

Equilibrium reactions

Righting reactions (head verticle and protective responses)

Primitive Reflexes

Use of CPGs to facilitate repetitive movements or higher level programs to represent movements globally rather than in one part only. (i.e. writing right or left handed)

CPGs were not intended to replace sensory input as an influencing factor of movement

Doesn't explain how other factors influence movement

• Broadens prospective on dysfunction in the motor behavior.
• Allows for task specific movement patterns

Whole system is analyzed for problems to asses dysfunction in motor behavior

• Many degrees of freedom to control
• Makes for a very long evaluation which led to the development of the HOAC

• System is:
• Self-organized
• have nonlinear properties
• influenced by control parameters
• Variable

output is not proportional to the input

variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system

small amounts of variability indicates a highly stable behavior

• Gives less importance to the CNS than it deserves
• complex application in the clinic

predicts motor behavior better than other theories because it incorporates the other body systems in addition to the CNS.

Variablility can indicate readiness to learn or need for training to decrease errors.

• Explains the role environment plays on motor behavior
• Motor control evolved so that animals could cope with their environment

Doesn't aknowledge the CNS in motor behavior

• There are more than one correct solution to solving the problem
• Explore multiple ways that a task can be done in the environment so that the patient can easily adapt to different surroundings.

Functional skills will automatically return once abnormal patterns are inhibited and normal patterns are facilitated

Repetition of normal patterns will automatically transfer to functional tasks

• Exam should focus on the presence of normal reflexes
• Intervention should focus on modifying reflexes to facilitate movement
• Stimulating sensory information suggests modifying CNS thought the stimulation

• Normal movement emerges as interaction among many different systems
• Each contributing different aspects of control
• movement organized around behavioral goal
• Constrained by environment
• Sensation is essential to predictive and adaptive control of movement, not just stimulus for a resoponse

• Work for identifiable functional tasks
• Work with the task in different environments
• Solve the problem in multiple ways

Sherrington

Jackson

• Bernstein
• Latash

• Thelen
• Kamm
• Kelso

Gibson