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Periplasm
Gram - (bet cell wall and cell memb)
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Damages bacterial DNA; thymine dimers
UV light
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Things that kill endospores (sterilizing)
- (1) Ethylene oxide
- (2) gluteraldehyde
- (3) chlorine dioxide
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What enzyme relaxes DNA supercoil?
DNA girase
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What enzyme adds nucleotides to the growing DNA molecule?
ZDNA polimerase
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What unwinds double stranded DNA?
Helicase
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The process of making RNA (mRNA) from DNA is called what?
Transcription
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Each codon (on mRNA) can call for more than one amino acid
Degeneracy
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Genetic transfer - "naked DNA in a solution"
Transformation
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Genetic transfer where bacterial DNA from donor to recipient by way of virus
(bacteriophage)
Transduction
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Virus that infects DNA
Bacteriophage
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A population of cells derived from a single parent cell
Pure culture (used for testing)
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Only genus testing + for acid-fast stain
(will appear red)
Mycobacterium
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Testing for enzymes to differentiate bugs
Biochemical testing
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Grows as a yeast at 37 C and a fungus at 22 C
Dimorphic fungus
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Produces streptokinases which lyses fibrin
Group A Strep pyogenes
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Ferment glucose, oxidase -
Enterobacteriace
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Enterobacteriaciae (gnb)
Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli
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Do NOT ferment glucose, oxidase +
Pseudomonas (gnb)
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Anaerobes, produce endospores, toxins are possible for disease
Clostridium
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Staph, Strep, Cornebacterium, Clostridium, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Listeria
Gram +
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Needs multiple hosts to cause disease
Sporozoa
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RX was used before surgery, effective against gram +
Hexoclorophene
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Staph food poisoning
Ingestion of staph enterotoxin
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Bacillary dysentery
Shigella
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Rice water stool
Vibro cholera-Cholera
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Vibro parahemolyticus
Gastroenteritis (seafood)
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Thyphoid fever
Salmonella typhi
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Vibro vulnificus
Rapid tissue destruction, sepsis, wound infection
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Campylobacter
GI distress, can grow at refridge temps
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Targets parotid salivary glands
Mumps (GI viral)
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Norovirus
(cruise)
GI distress, vomiting, diarrhea
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Parvovirus B19
5th Disease
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Spirochaetes
(axial filament, corkscrew movement)
Treponema pallidium causes syphillis
Borrelia berdorferie causes lyme disease
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cysts of Etamoeba histolytica
Amoebic dysentary (protozoan GI)
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Opthalmia neonatorum
infants eyes become infected from mom carrying gonorrhea
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M protein (cell wall component) found in S.pyogrnes makes it more?
- 1- heat/acid resistant
- 2-attachment
- 3-evade phagocytosis
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Opa
found in OM of N.gonorrhea, helps with attachment
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Cytokines that interfere w viral multiplication
Interferons
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WBC highly phagocytic, can leave blood and enter tissue, 1st responders
Neutrophils
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1st antibody produced in a primary infection, short lived
IgM
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Most abundant Ig in your serum, long-lived, can cross placenta
IgG
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Most abundant Ig in our body/body secretions
IgA
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Ig responsible for allergic reactions/parasitic infection
IgE (can bind to many cells and basophils/eosinophil)
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T cell that will secrete cytokines?
T helper
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T cell that kills target cell, releases perforins and granzymes
Cytotoxic Tcell
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T cell that keeps immune system in check (suppresses immature Tcells, protects intestinal bacteria)
T regulating cell (suppressor)
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Chemical messenger of the immune system
cytokine
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Messengers between WBC's
Interleukin
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Interfere w viral replication, specific to host, not virus
Interferons
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Anemnestic response
second exposure to antigen (memory)
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A precipitation reaction carried out in gel agar
Immunodiffusion test
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Breaks down beta lactam ring of Penn group
Enzyme penicillinase
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Clavulanic acid
combined w antibiotic, prevents action of penicillinase
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Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids
Isoniazid
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