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Upper respiratory tract?
Nasal Cavity, Pharnyx, Laynyx
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Functions of nasal cavity?
Warms and moistens inhaled air, contains sense organs of smell
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Functions of Pharnyx (throat)
Passageway for food, liquids, and air
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Nasal Polyps
- painless, noncancerous
- tissue growths that may project from the nasal mucosa. Usually associated with chronic
- hay fever
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Paranasal sinuses
- frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, & ethmoidal
- They drain into the nasal cavity.
- They help lighten the skull bones and serve as
- resonant chambers that enhance the production of sound
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Sinustisis
- sinus infections that are usually developed from
- the cold where the nasal mucosa is inflamed.
- Symptoms: pressure, pain, headache, tenderness,
- swelling, & redness
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Conchae
- usually called turbinates.
- Increases the surface of air that enters and
- flows though the naval cavity
- When air comes in and passes through, it is
- usally warmed and humidified
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Functions of larnyx (voice box)
- Air distribution; passageway for air to move to
- and from lungs
- Voice production
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Structures of lower respiratory tract
Trachea, left & right primary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli 
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Mechanics of breathing
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Inspiration (inhale)
- Muscles increase the volume of thorax
- Includes diaphragm and external intercostals
- Expiration (exhale)
- When exhaling, the thorax returns to its normal
- resting size and shape
- When air goes in and out of the lungs, it causes
- the shape and size of the thoracic cavity to change, which causes the air
- pressure within the cavity and lungs to change.
- Air pressure decreases when we inhale
- Air pressure increases when we exhale
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Transporting Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
- Oxygen:
- Only
- small amounts of oxygen can be dissolved in blood
- Most oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin to be carried in blood.
- To combine hemoglobin, oxygen has to diffuse into
- the red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin. Pg 470
- Carbon Dioxide
- It regulates the pH of the body fluids, but if there is too much in the body, it
- can be toxic.
- To get
- rid of CO2 is by exhaling and the alveoli
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Lung Volume and Capacities
- VD = TV + IRV+ ERV
- Tidal Volume: amount normally breathed in our out
- with each breath
- Vital Capacity: largest amount of air that one
- can breathe out in one expiration
- Expiratory Reserve Volume: amount of air that can
- be forcibly exhaled afer expiring the tidal volume
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume: amount of air that
- can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration
- Residual Volume: air that remains in the lungs
- afer the most forceful expiration
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Hypervenilation
Rapid, deep respirations
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Hypovenilation
slow, shallow respirations
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Dyspnea
labored/difficult respirations
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Orthopnea
Dyspnea relieved by moving into an upright position
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Apnea
Stopped respiriation
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Cheyne Stokes Respiration
- cycles of alternating apnea
- and hyperventilation associated with critical conditions
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Respiratory Arrest
Failture to resume breathing after apnea
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Bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi and trachea
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Pneumonia
- Acute inflammation in which the lung airways
- become blocked with thick exudates
- Accumulation of fluid
- Lobar pneumonia- affects entire lobe of lung
Bronchopneumonia- infection scattered along bronchial tree
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Emphysema
- Reduced surface area of lungs caused by rupture
- or other damage to alveoli
- Enlarged alveoli
- Since there’s a rupture, they can’t do their job
- and take in oxygen
- Caused by smoking
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Tuberculosis
- Chronic, highly contagious lung infection
- characterized by tubercles in the lung
- Can progress to involve tissues outside the lungs
- and pleurae
- Chronic bacterial infection
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Asthma
Reoccurring spasms of the airways accompanied by mucous and edema
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Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease
From preexisting bstructive conditions, irreversible
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Lung Cancer
Malignancy of lung tissue
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