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Any biological molecule that has low solubility in water is . .
a lipid
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The building blocks for most complex lipids are. . .
fatty acids.
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Triacylglycerol (Triglyceride) structure:
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The main functions of triacylglycerols are . .
- 1) to store Energy
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- 2) as thermal, insulating padding
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Adipocytes are. . .
fat cells.
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Adipocytes cytoplasm contains mostly . . .
triglycerides.
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Phospholipids function is . . .
as the main component of the membranes, separating aqueous solutions from other aqueous solutions.
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A term that means a molecule has polar and nonpolar parts is . . .
amphipatic.
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Glycoplipids functions are . . .
- 1)Energy storage and
- 2)markers for cellular recognition.
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Steroids primary function is to
regulate metabolic activities.
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Terpenes are
made up of units of isoprene and include vitamin A.
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Eicosanoids include. . .
prostaglandins, thromnoxanes, and leukotrienes.
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Eicosanoids function as. . .
local hormones.
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Lipids are transported in the blood via . . .
lipoproteins.
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lipoproteins contain a . . .
lipid core surrounded by phopholipids and apoproteins (these make them soluble in aqeous environments).
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Types of lipoproteins include. . .
- Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
- Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
- High density lipoproteins (HDL)
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Proteins are built from amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds.
Proteins are built from amino acids that are linked by peptide bonds.
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Primary protein structure refer to
the number and sequence of amino acids in a poplypeptide.
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Secondary protein structure refers to local regular sub structures, such as alpha-helixes and beta sheets.
Secondary protein structure refers to local regular sub structures, such as alpha-helixes and beta sheets.
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alpha helix and beta-sheets are formed by . . .
hydrogen bonds between the N-H and the C=O.
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Teritary structure refers . . .
to the 3D shape of the protein (the alpha helices and the beta sheets are folded to form a globule).
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When the conformation of a protein is disrupted this is refered to as. . .
denaturation.
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The denaturing agent urea. . .
disrupts H bonds.
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The denaturing agent salt or a change in pH . . .
disrupts electrostatic bonds(ionic).
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The denaturing agent mercaptoethanol . . .
disrupts disulfide bonds.
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The denaturing agents in the class of organic solvents . . .
disrupts hydrophobic forces.
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The denaturing agent of heat. . .
disrupts all the forces that create tertiary structure.
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Tertiary structure is caused by 5 forces.
- 1) covalent disulfide bonds (via cytstines interactations)
- 2)electrostatic or ionic bonds between acidic and basic side chains.
- 3)Hydrogen bonds
- 4)van der Waals forces
- 5)hydrophobic side chains pushes away from water
- (proline also disrupts the beta and alpha conformations)
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Two types of proteins. . .
globular (functional) and structural (maintain structure).
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Carbohydrates=
Carbons + H2O
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glucose (most common carb) has two . . .
anomers. ring conformations that it favors in aqeous solution. (alpha and beta glucose).
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To store energy glucose is polymerized by ATP to. .
glycogen in the liver.
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Oxidation of glucose forms. . .
ATP.
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Two forms of starch are . . .
amylose (isomer of cellulose with alpha linkages) and amylopectin (resembles glycogen with beta linkages).
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The three components of nucelotides are. . .
- 1)5 carbon sugar
- 2)a nitrogneous base (such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (RNAuracil))
- 3) a phosphate group
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nucelotides are joined together by
phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucelotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucelotide.
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Adenine goes with
Thymine or Uracil. with 2 hydrogen bonds.
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Guanine bonds with. . .
- Cytosine through three Hydrogen bonds.
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Minerals are
dissolved inorganic ions that are inside and outside of the cell
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Mineral functions to. . .
make concentration gradients for transport and signaling, act as cofactors in molecular functions, and as structure for matrixes.
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