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Functions of the Respiratory System
- 1) Provide large area for gas exchange between air & circulating blood.
- 2) Moving air to & from the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs.
- 3) Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration & temperature changes & defending against invading pathogens.
- 4) Producing sounds that permit speech, singing, & nonverbal auditory communication.
- 5) Providing olfactory sensations to the CNS for the sense of smell.
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1) Provide large area for gas exchange between air & circulating blood.
2) Moving air to & from the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs.
3) Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration & temperature changes & defending against invading pathogens.
4) Producing sounds that permit speech, singing, & nonverbal auditory communication.
5) Providing olfactory sensations to the CNS for the sense of smell.
Functions of the Respiratory System
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Respitory System Includes...
- 1) nose (including nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses)
- 2) pharynx
- 3) larynx
- 4) trachea
- 5) various conducting passageways that lead to the surfaces of the lungs
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1) nose (including nasal cavity & paranasal sinuses)
2) pharynx
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) various conducting passageways that lead to the surfaces of the lungs
Respitory System Includes...
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Respiratory tract consists of...
conducting passageways that carry air to & from the aveoli.
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conducting passageways that carry air to & from the aveoli.
Respiratory tract consists of...
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Air normally enters the respiratory system...
through the external nares then into the nasal cavity.
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through the external nares then into the nasal cavity.
Air normally enters the respiratory system...
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nasal vestibule
(entrance) is guarded by hairs that screen out large particles.
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(entrance) is guarded by hairs that screen out large particles.
nasal vestibule
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Hard Palate
separates the oral & nasal cavities.
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separates the oral & nasal cavities.
Hard Palate
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Soft Palate
separates the superior nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx.
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separates the superior nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx.
Soft Palate
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Internal Nares
connect the nasal cavity & nasopharynx.
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connect the nasal cavity & nasopharynx.
Internal Nares
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Much of the respiratory epithelium...
is ciliated & produces mucus that traps incoming particles.
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is ciliated & produces mucus that traps incoming particles.
Much of the respiratory epithelium...
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Pharynx
(throat) is a chamber shared by the digestive & respiratory systems
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(throat) is a chamber shared by the digestive & respiratory systems
Pharynx
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Inhaled air passes...
through the glottis en route to the lungs.
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through the glottis en route to the lungs.
Inhaled air passes...
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Larynx
surrounds & protects the glottis
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surrounds & protects the glottis
Larynx
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Exhaled air that passes...
through the glottis vibrates the true vocal cords & produces sound.
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through the glottis vibrates the true vocal cords & produces sound.
Exhaled air that passes...
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Trachea
- 1) (windpipe) contains C-shaped tracheal cartilages, wh/ protect the airway
- 2) posterior tracheal wall can distort to permit large masses of food to pass
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1) (windpipe) contains C-shaped tracheal cartilages, wh/ protect the airway
2) posterior tracheal wall can distort to permit large masses of food to pass
Trachea
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primary bronchi
trachea branches within the mediastinum to form the right & left _______ _______
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trachea branches within the mediastinum to form the right & left _______ _______
primary bronchi
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bronchial tree
are formed by the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi & their branches
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are formed by the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi & their branches
bronchial tree
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Each terminal bronchiole...
delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule.
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delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule.
Each terminal bronchiole...
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Within the lobule, the terminal bronchiole branches into...
respiratory bronchioles.
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respiratory bronchioles.
Within the lobule, the terminal bronchiole branches into...
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The respiratory bronchiles open into...
alveolar ducts, wh/ end at alveolar sacs.
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alveolar ducts, wh/ end at alveolar sacs.
The respiratory bronchiles open into...
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Respiratory Membrane
- consists of
- 1) a simple squamous alveolar
- 2) a capillary endothelium
- 3) their fused basement membranes
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consists of
1) a simple squamous alveolar
2) a capillary endothelium
3) their fused basement membranes
Respiratory Membrane
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Septal Cells
produce surfacant, an oily secretion that keeps the alvioli from collapsing
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produce surfacant, an oily secretion that keeps the alvioli from collapsing
Septal Cells
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Alveolar Macrophages
engulf foreign particles
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engulf foreign particles
Alveolar Macrophages
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Lungs made up of...
5 lobes (3 in the right lung & 2 in the left lung).
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5 lobes (3 in the right lung & 2 in the left lung).
Lungs made up of...
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Each lung occupies...
a single pleural cavity lined by a pleura (serous membrane).
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a single pleural cavity lined by a pleura (serous membrane).
Each lung occupies...
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Pulmonary Ventilation
breathing, movement of air into & out of the lungs
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breathing, movement of air into & out of the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation
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Gas Exchange
diffusion, between the alveoli & circulating blood, & between the blood & interstitial fluids
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diffusion, between the alveoli & circulating blood, & between the blood & interstitial fluids
Gas Exchange
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Gas Transport
between the blood & interstitial fluids
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between the blood & interstitial fluids
Gas Transport
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Respiratory Cycle (single breath)
consists of an inhalation (inspiration) & an exhalation (expiration)
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consists of an inhalation (inspiration) & an exhalation (expiration)
Respiratory Cycle (single breath)
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determines the direction of air-flow
relationship between the pressure inside the respiratory tract & atmospheric pressure
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relationship between the pressure inside the respiratory tract & atmospheric pressure
determines the direction of air-flow
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quiet breathing
diaphragm & the external intercostal muscles are involved in which exhalation is passive
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diaphragm & the external intercostal muscles are involved in which exhalation is passive
quiet breathing
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forced breathing
accessory muscles become active during the active inspiratory & expiratory movements in which exhalation is active
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accessory muscles become active during the active inspiratory & expiratory movements in which exhalation is active
forced breathing
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Vital Capacity
- includes...
- 1) expiratory reserve volume
- 2) inspiratory reserve volume
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includes...
1) expiratory reserve volume
2) inspiratory reserve volume
Vital Capacity
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Residual Volume
air left in the lungs at the end of maximum expiration
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air left in the lungs at the end of maximum expiration
Residual Volume
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Gas Exchange
- involves...
- 1) external respiration
- 2) internal respiration
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involves...
1) external respiration
2) internal respiration
Gas Exchange
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External Respiration
the diffusion of gases between the blood & alveolar air across the respiratory membrane
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the diffusion of gases between the blood & alveolar air across the respiratory membrane
External Respiration
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Internal Respiration
the diffusion of gases between blood & interstitial fluid across the endothelial cells of capillary walls
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the diffusion of gases between blood & interstitial fluid across the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Internal Respiration
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Blood that enters peripheral capillaries...
delivers O2 & takes up CO2.
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delivers O2 & takes up CO2.
Blood that enters peripheral capillaries...
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The transport of O2 & CO2 in the blood...
involves reactions that are completely reversible.
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involves reactions that are completely reversible.
The transport of O2 & CO2 in the blood...
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Over the range of O2 pressures normally present in the body, a small change in the plasma PO2...
will result in a large change in the amount of O2 bound or released by hemoglobin.
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will result in a large change in the amount of O2 bound or released by hemoglobin.
Over the range of O2 pressures normally present in the body, a small change in the plasma PO2...
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Large-scale changes in O2 demand...
require the integration of cardiovascular & respiratory responses.
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require the integration of cardiovascular & respiratory responses.
Large-scale changes in O2 demand...
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Arterioles that lead to alveolar capillaries constrict & bronchioles dilate when...
O2 is low & CO2 is high.
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When O2 is low & CO2 is high what do arterioles that lead to alveolar capillaries & bronchioles do?
Arterioles constrict & bronchioles dilate.
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Bronchiles dilate when...
CO2 is high.
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When CO2 is high what do bronchiles do?
dilate
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When O2 is low arterioles that lead to alviolar capillaries...
contrict.
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When do arterioles that lead to alviolar capillaries consrtict?
When O2 is low.
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Respiratory Centers
include 3 pairs of nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons & medulla oblongata
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include 3 pairs of nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons & medulla oblongata
Respiratory Centers
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The 3 pairs of nuclei in the respiratory centers...
regulate the respiratory muscles & control the respiratory rate & depth of breathing.
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regulate the respiratory muscles & control the respiratory rate & depth of breathing.
The 3 pairs of nuclei in the respiratory centers...
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Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers
- 1) located in the medulla oblongata
- 2) set the basic pace for respiration
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1) located in the medulla oblongata
2) set the basic pace for respiration
Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers
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Inflation Reflex
prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
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prevents overexpansion of the lungs during forced breathing
Inflation Reflex
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Deflation Reflex
stimulates inspiration when the lungs are collapsing
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stimulates inspiration when the lungs are collapsing
Deflation Reflex
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Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to...
changes in the pH, PO2, & PCO2 of the blood & cerebrospinal fluid.
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changes in the pH, PO2, & PCO2 of the blood & cerebrospinal fluid.
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to...
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Conscious & unconscious thought processes...
can affect respiration by affecting the respiratory centers or the motor neurons that control respiratory muscles.
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can affect respiration by affecting the respiratory centers or the motor neurons that control respiratory muscles.
Conscious & unconscious thought processes...
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Carina
where the trachea splits into the left & right primary bronchi
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where the trachea splits into the left & right primary bronchi
Carina
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